间充质干细胞来源外泌体在膝骨关节炎微环境中的作用

骨关节炎是一种涉及所有关节成分（包括关节软骨、软骨下骨、滑膜、韧带、关节囊和关节周围肌肉）的关节退行性疾病，会导致严重的残疾，其中最常见的是膝骨关节炎（knee osteoarthritis，KOA）。外泌体是一种由不同细胞分泌的直径为40~100 nm的胞外囊泡，可以传递DNA、微小RNA、mRNA、蛋白质等多种物质，并通过多种方式进行细胞间的信息传递和功能调节。间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells，MSCs）可以从骨髓、脂肪、滑膜及外周血等组织分离，是一类具有多向分化潜能的祖细胞，以干细胞为基础的疗法可以修复软骨损伤，对抗KOA的发展，间充质干细胞能够分泌多种营养因子来调节受损的微环境，其中间充质干细胞来源的外泌体被认为在KOA炎症反应及软骨细胞代谢中发挥着重要的作用，其能够调节膝骨关节微环境中B细胞、T细胞、滑膜细胞、软骨细胞代谢及其细胞外基质的分解与合成平衡，维持软骨稳态。近期有多项研究表明，不同组织来源的间充质干细胞外泌体对骨关节炎均有明确的治疗作用，本文就MSCs来源的外泌体治疗KOA的具体机制进行综述，以期对干细胞治疗KOA提供理论依据。     

The Alien Invasive Plants in Zhejiang Province,China

An analysis of relevant literature and specimen records was conducted, together with field investigations, to examine the species composition, life form, origin, harmfulness and form of introduction of alien invasive plants in Zhejiang Province, China. A total of 166 alien invasive plant species belonging to 106 genera and 46 families were identified. The most common families represented were Asteraceae, Leguminosae and Gramineae, while the most common places of origin were South America, accounting for 3216% of all species, followed by North America (2563%) and Europe (1959%). Twenty three of the species were considered to cause high levels of damage, 60 medium levels of damage, and 83 low or minimal damage. Based on our records, we removed some invasive species from existing lists and added some new ones. Several suggestions for the management of invasive plants in Zhejiang Province are presented.