一种紫斑牡丹花茶的研制及其主要香气成分分析

以紫斑牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa var. papaveracea)花瓣为原料,采用隔离窨制,对牡丹花茶窨制过程中花坯、配花量等主要影响因子进行研究。结果表明,密闭箱桶温度21 ℃、相对湿度90%、窨制时间48 h条件下经一窨一提获得的花茶,感官评审花与茶叶的协调度高、香气高锐持久、茶汤滋味醇正鲜爽。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析花茶香气成分,新鲜花瓣与茶叶配比5:1窨制48 h的花茶苯乙醇、香叶醇、橙花醇含量较高,其香气高扬、茶汤醇正鲜爽,配比2.5:1的花茶上述成分含量和感官其次,而拌和型茶品透素欠鲜爽。发酵或发酵揉捻花瓣窨制的花茶乙醇、环氧芳樟醇及高级烷烃含量较高,其主要赋香物质低于新鲜花瓣含量,渥味明显,茶汤有浊气欠鲜爽。     

Distinct genomic traits of acral and mucosal melanomas revealed by targeted mutational profiling

The incidence of melanoma is rising globally including China. Comparing to Caucasians, the incidence of non‐cutaneous melanomas is significantly higher in Chinese. Herein, we performed genomic profiling of 89 Chinese surgically resected primary melanomas, including acral (n = 54), cutaneous (n = 22), and mucosal (n = 13), by hybrid capture‐based next‐generation sequencing. We show that mucosal melanomas tended to harbor more pathogenic mutations than other types of melanoma, though the biological significance of this finding remains uncertain. Chromosomal arm‐level alterations including 6q, 9p, and 10p/q loss were highly recurrent in all subtypes, but mucosal melanoma was significantly associated with increased genomic instability. Importantly, 7p gain significantly correlated with unfavorable clinical outcomes in non‐cutaneous melanomas, representing an intriguing prognostic biomarker of those subtypes. Furthermore, focal amplification of 4q12 (KIT, KDR, and PDGFRα) and RAD51 deletion were more abundant in mucosal melanoma, while NOTCH2 amplification was enriched in acral melanoma. Additionally, cutaneous melanomas had higher mutation load than acral melanomas, while mucosal melanomas did not differ from other subtypes in mutation burden. Together, our data revealed important features of acral and mucosal melanomas in Chinese including distinctive driver mutation pattern and increased genomic instability. These findings highlight the possibilities of combination therapies in the clinical management of melanoma.     

Active interfacial dynamic transport of fluid in a network of fibrous connective tissues throughout the whole body

Fluid in interstitial spaces accounts for ~20% of an adult body weight and flows diffusively for a short range. Does it circulate around the body like vascular circulations? This bold conjecture has been debated for decades. As a conventional physiological concept, interstitial space is a micron‐sized space between cells and vasculature. Fluid in interstitial spaces is thought to be entrapped within interstitial matrix. However, our serial data have further defined a second space in interstitium that is a nanosized interfacial transport zone on a solid surface. Within this fine space, fluid along a solid fibre can be transported under a driving power and identically, interstitial fluid transport can be visualized by tracking the oriented fibres. Since 2006, our data from volunteers and cadavers have revealed a long‐distance extravascular pathway for interstitial fluid flow, comprising at least four types of anatomic distributions. The framework of each extravascular pathway contains the longitudinally assembled and oriented fibres, working as a fibrorail for fluid flow. Interestingly, our data showed that the movement of fluid in a fibrous pathway is in response to a dynamic driving source and named as dynamotaxis. By analysis of previous studies and our experimental results, a hypothesis of interstitial fluid circulatory system is proposed.     

Potential role of insulin on the pathogenesis of depression

The regulation of insulin on depression and depression‐like behaviour has been widely reported. Insulin and activation of its receptor can promote learning and memory, affect the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis (HPA) balance, regulate the secretion of neurotrophic factors and neurotransmitters, interact with gastrointestinal microbiome, exert neuroprotective effects and have an impact on depression. However, the role of insulin on depression remains largely unclear. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the potential role of insulin on depression. It may provide new insight for clarifying role of insulin on the pathogenesis of depression.     

革兰氏阴性细菌外膜主要成分的跨膜转运机制研究进展

革兰氏阴性细菌的外膜由脂多糖、磷脂、外膜蛋白和脂蛋白等成分组成,是细菌抵御外界有害物质的首要物理屏障,与细菌致病性和耐药性密切相关.外膜各组分依赖特定的系统进行跨膜转运,包括脂多糖转运系统(lipopolysaccharide transport, Lpt)、脂质不对称维持系统(maintenance of lipid asymmetry, Mla)、β-桶状装配机器(β-barrel assembly machinery,Bam)以及脂蛋白定位系统(localization of lipoprotein,Lol).这些系统能够保证细菌外膜的完整与稳定,被视为维持细菌生命活动的"命门".因此,本文系统地综述革兰氏阴性细菌外膜主要成分的跨膜转运系统结构与功能,并对其未来研究方向进行展望,为新型靶向抗菌类药物研发提供新的思路.     

Apelin-13对LPS诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞屏障损伤的干预作用*

目的: 探讨Apelin-13对LPS诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)屏障损伤的影响。方法: 将体外培养的HUVECs分为4组:正常对照组、LPS组、Apelin-13+LPS组、Apelin-13组。用5 μg/ml LPS作用细胞24 h, 复制屏障功能受损模型。1 μmol/L Apelin-13提前30 min给予,再给予LPS作用24 h,确定Apelin-13的影响。通过CCK8法检测Apelin-13对细胞活力的影响;Western blot检测血管内皮细胞钙粘蛋白(VE-cadherin)、纤维状肌动蛋白(F-actin)表达变化;免疫荧光检测VE-cadherin、F-actin的表达变化及核转录因子Kappa B(NF-κB p65)入核情况。结果: 与正常对照组相比,单独给予Apelin-13对细胞活力无明显影响。与正常对照组相比,LPS组细胞活力明显下降(P＜0.01),VE-cadherin蛋白表达下降(P＜0.01)、F-actin蛋白表达升高(P＜0.05),NF-κB p65入核明显增加。与LPS组相比,Apelin-13明显增加细胞活力(P＜0.01),VE-cadherin蛋白表达增加(P＜0.05)、F-actin蛋白表达下降(P＜0.01),蛋白NF-κB p65入核下降明显。结论: Apelin-13可减轻LPS诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤及屏障受损,其机制可能与抑制炎症相关。