古代DNA研究实验技术

现代分子生物技术的发展,使从古代样品中获取微量DNA成为现实。在过去的十多年里,古DNA研究取得了重大进展,但实验方案还需要加以改进,其结果的分析与推论也需要多方面的验证。本综述着重介绍了古DNA研究的实验技术及可靠性分析。 Experimental Techniques for Ancient DNA Research YANG Shu-juan1,LAI Xu-long1,2,TANG Xian-hua1,SHENG Gui-lian1,2 1.Faculty of Earth Sciences,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan,430074,China; 2.Institute of Life Sciences,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan,430074,China Abstract:The development of modern molecular biological techniques makes it possible to study minimum DNA from ancient materials.During past decade,a lot of significant achievements on ancient DNA research have been made in many fields especially in molecular evolutionary biology.The nature of degradation and contamination of ancient DNA from ancient biological materials pose a dominating problem in ancient DNA research.Therefore,the experiments should be modified based on the modern molecular techniques and more factors should be considered when the results are analyzed.In this paper,authors review the general experimental protocols on sampling,extraction and amplification as well as authenticity of ancient DNA. Key words：ancient DNA;authenticity;ancient DNA techniques     

稻水象甲卵的空间分布型及抽样技术研究

本文利用Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法对稻水象甲LissorhoptrusoryzophilusKuschel卵的空间分布型进行了测定 ,结果表明稻水象甲卵在田间呈聚集分布 ,且符合负二项分布 ,k值为 0 4 796。其种群聚集主要是由环境因子引起的。应用Iwao的抽样模型建立了稻水象甲卵的田间理论抽样数公式 :N =1D2 1 784 6M + 0 2 4 2 5 。并根据Gerrard的零频率模型建立了估计该种群平均密度的零频率模型 :X =1 5 787( -lnP0 ) 1 0 62 5。     

抗甲3型流感病毒卵黄抗体的研制

制备抗H3N2型流感病毒特异性鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白（IgY),防治同型流感病毒引起的流感,制备H3N2型流感病毒,通过两种途径免疫母鸡,以水稀释-硫酸铵沉淀及离子交换层析法提纯,并进行理化性质分析和动物效力试验。两种途径免疫均可使母鸡产生特异性IgY,其中以静脉为主的混合免疫法效果较好,提纯后纯度可达90%以上,通过被动免疫可使小鼠对同型流感病毒的攻击产生保护作用。结果表明,已成功地制备出高效价的H3N2型流感病毒特异性IgY。     

安徽东至华龙洞古人类遗址哺乳动物化石的初步研究

华龙洞遗址发现于2004年,先后于2006和2014～2017年进行了5次发掘,期间发现了若干古人类化石和大量哺乳动物化石;本文是对2014～2016年出土哺乳动物化石的初步研究成果。目前已鉴定出8目24科43种(含未定种)哺乳动物,其中以偶蹄类化石最丰富。化石保存状况较差,以碎骨为主,牙齿较少,完整骨骼更少;但骨骼上鲜见啮齿类啮咬痕迹。华龙洞动物群与南京汤山猿人遗址、和县猿人遗址及重庆盐井沟等动物群较为相似,尤其是与和县猿人遗址及南京猿人遗址动物群最为接近,主要表现在如下方面:1)都含古人类化石;2)都不含第三纪动物群的孑遗分子;3)都含有大熊猫-剑齿象动物群的主要成员(大熊猫、剑齿象、巨貘及猪獾等),同时也都含一定量的北方属种,但华龙洞含北方成分相对较少,只发现翁氏麝鼩、麝鼹、变异仓鼠、布氏毛足田鼠、棕熊、李氏野猪、葛氏斑鹿及大角鹿等,华龙洞的大角鹿是该属分布最靠南的地点;4)都含有剑齿象而不含晚更新世常见的亚洲象;5)都含有大量头后骨骼,与以含单个牙齿为主的其它南方洞穴迥然有别。从化石保存状况及属种组成判断,华龙洞堆积时代与和县猿人遗址最为接近,也是中更新世。由于遗址尚未完全暴露,其堆积性质尚不清楚;但从蝙蝠类化石判断,很可能与洞穴堆积有关。     

毛竹入侵马尾松林的土壤菌群多样性变化

为揭示毛竹入侵邻域林分过程中对土壤细菌群落多样性变化的影响,以马尾松林为研究对象,采集纯毛竹林、竹针混交林和常绿针叶(马尾松)混交林3类样地的混合土样,基于高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌群落多样性和结构变化.结果表明: 研究期间共得到细菌类群39门88纲134目160科511属;在门的分类水平上,与竹针混交林、常绿针叶混交林相比,纯毛竹林酸杆菌门所占比例显著较低,而放线菌门、拟杆菌门、TM7和衣原体门所占比例较高;在属的分类水平上,相对于纯毛竹林,竹针混交林和常绿针叶混交林均有多属表现出所占比例显著上升或下降,单独出现在竹针混交林或常绿针叶混交林且所占比例在0.005%～0.1%的非优势属有130属;α多样性指数均表现为常绿针叶混交林>竹针混交林>纯竹林,且纯竹林与两者均有显著差异,而常绿针叶混交林和竹针混交林之间差异不显著.PCoA分析表明,毛竹入侵对土壤细菌的种群多样性和群落结构产生了影响;所占比例小于0.1%的非优势菌群门分类水平的百分比特征与土壤环境梯度(水溶性有机氮和硝态氮)之间有显著相关性,两者对毛竹入侵马尾松林后土壤细菌群落的非优势种群影响巨大,具有重要的参考价值.     

Different effects of phospholipase Dζ2 and non‐specific phospholipase C4 on lipid remodeling and root hair growth in Arabidopsis response to phosphate deficiency

Phosphate (Pi) deficiency in soils is a major limiting factor for plant growth. In response to Pi deprivation, one prominent metabolic adaptation in plants is the decrease in membrane phospholipids that consume approximately one‐third cellular Pi. The level of two phospholipid‐hydrolyzing enzymes, phospholipase Dζ2 (PLDζ2) and non‐specific phospholipase C4 (NPC4), is highly induced in Pi‐deprived Arabidopsis. To determine the role of PLDζ2 and NPC4 in plant growth under Pi limitation, Arabidopsis plants deficient in both PLDζ2 and NPC4 (npc4pldζ2) were generated and characterized. Lipid remodeling in leaves and roots was analyzed at three different durations of Pi deficiency. NPC4 affected lipid changes mainly in roots at an early stage of Pi deprivation, whereas PLDζ2 exhibited a more overt effect on lipid remodeling in leaves at a later stage of Pi deprivation. Pi deficiency‐induced galactolipid increase and phospholipid decrease were impeded in pldζ2 and npc4pldζ2 plants. In addition, seedlings of npc4pldζ2 had the same root hair density as pldζ2 but shorter root hair length than pldζ2 in response to Pi deficiency. The loss of NPC4 decreased root hair length but had no effect on root hair density. These data suggest that PLDζ2 and NPC4 mediate the Pi deprivation‐induced lipid remodeling in a tissue‐ and time‐specific manner. PLDζ2 and NPC4 have distinctively different roles in root hair growth and development in response to Pi deprivation; PLDζ2 negatively modulates root hair density and length, whereas NPC4 promotes root hair elongation.     

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tenascin-C secreted by equine mesenchymal stromal cells stimulate dermal fibroblast migration in vitro and contribute to wound healing in vivo

Background

Impaired cutaneous wound healing is common in humans, and treatments are often ineffective. Based on the significant emotional and economic burden of impaired wound healing, innovative therapies are needed. The potential of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)–secreted factors to treat cutaneous wounds is an active area of research that is in need of refinement before effective clinical trials can be initiated. The aims of the present study were to (i) study which MSC-secreted factors stimulate dermal fibroblast (DF) migration in vitro and (ii) evaluate the potential of these factors to promote wound healing in vivo.