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51.
W. I. J. DIELEMAN S. LUYSSAERT A. REY P. DE ANGELIS C. V. M. BARTON M. S. J. BROADMEADOW S. B. BROADMEADOW K. S. CHIGWEREWE M. CROOKSHANKS E. DUFRÊNE P. G. JARVIS A. KASURINEN S. KELLOMÄKI V. LE DANTEC M. LIBERLOO M. MAREK B. MEDLYN R. POKORNÝ G. SCARASCIA‐MUGNOZZA V. M. TEMPERTON D. TINGEY O. URBAN R. CEULEMANS I. A. JANSSENS 《Plant, cell & environment》2010,33(12):2001-2011
Under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, soil carbon (C) inputs are typically enhanced, suggesting larger soil C sequestration potential. However, soil C losses also increase and progressive nitrogen (N) limitation to plant growth may reduce the CO2 effect on soil C inputs with time. We compiled a data set from 131 manipulation experiments, and used meta‐analysis to test the hypotheses that: (1) elevated atmospheric CO2 stimulates soil C inputs more than C losses, resulting in increasing soil C stocks; and (2) that these responses are modulated by N. Our results confirm that elevated CO2 induces a C allocation shift towards below‐ground biomass compartments. However, the increased soil C inputs were offset by increased heterotrophic respiration (Rh), such that soil C content was not affected by elevated CO2. Soil N concentration strongly interacted with CO2 fumigation: the effect of elevated CO2 on fine root biomass and –production and on microbial activity increased with increasing soil N concentration, while the effect on soil C content decreased with increasing soil N concentration. These results suggest that both plant growth and microbial activity responses to elevated CO2 are modulated by N availability, and that it is essential to account for soil N concentration in C cycling analyses. 相似文献
52.
LAURÉNE GAY PAUL E. EADY RAM VASUDEV DAVID J. HOSKEN TOM TREGENZA 《Physiological Entomology》2009,34(1):86-92
Abstract The optimal number of mating partners for females rarely coincides with that for males, leading to sexual conflict over mating frequency. In the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, the fitness consequences to females of engaging in multiple copulations are complex, with studies demonstrating both costs and benefits to multiple mating. However, females kept continuously with males have a lower lifetime egg production compared with females mated only once and then isolated from males. This reduction in fitness may be a result of damage caused by male genitalia, which bear spines that puncture the female’s reproductive tract, and/or toxic elements in the ejaculate. However, male harassment rather than costs of matings themselves could also explain the results. In the present study, the fitness costs of male harassment for female C. maculatus are estimated. The natural refractory period of females immediately after their first mating is used to separate the cost of harassment from the cost of mating. Male harassment results in females laying fewer eggs and this results in a tendency to produce fewer offspring. The results are discussed in the context of mate choice and sexual selection. 相似文献
53.
Voskamp KE; Noorman N; Mastebroek HA; Van Schoot NE; Den Otter CJ 《Chemical senses》1998,23(5):521-530
Spike trains from individual antennal olfactory cells of tsetse flies
(Glossina spp.) obtained during steady-state conditions (spontaneous as
well as during stimulation with 1-octen-3-ol) and dynamic stimulation with
repetitive pulses of 1-octen-3-ol were investigated by studying the spike
frequency and the temporal structure of the trains. In general, stimulation
changes the intensity of the spike activity but leaves the underlying
stochastic structure unaffected. This structure turns out to be a renewal
process. The only independently varying parameter in this process is the
mean interspike interval length, suggesting that olfactory cells of tsetse
flies may transmit information via a frequency coding. In spike records
with high firing rates, however, the stationary records had significant
negative first- order serial correlation coefficients and were non-renewal.
Some cells in this study were capable of precisely encoding the onset of
the odour pulses at frequencies up to at least 3 Hz. Cells with a rapid
return to pre-stimulus activity at the end of stimulation responded more
adequately to pulsed stimuli than cells with a long increased spike
frequency. While short-firing cells process information via a frequency
code, long-firing cells responded with two distinctive phases: a phasic,
non-renewal response and a tonic, renewal response which may function as a
memory of previous stimulations.
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