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81.
Stable isotope tracers are a promising tool for investigating the ecology of terrestrial slugs, including predator‐prey relationships, migration behaviour, nutrient turnover and dietary routing. The objective of the present feasibility study was to label two economically important slug groups, Deroceras reticulatum and keeled slugs (families Limacidae and Milacidae, respectively), with the stable isotope 15N under controlled laboratory conditions. Significant isotopic enrichment in slug tissue was detected after 4 days and persisted for at least 10 days after slugs had been fed on 15N enriched food for a period of 15 days. The time course of 15N uptake into slug tissues and its relation to food consumption were well described mathematically. Estimated mean 15N assimilation efficiencies from labelled maize mixed with unlabelled wheat bran were 30% and 38%, respectively, for the species groups studied. These findings suggest that slugs can be readily and efficiently labelled and that it is feasible to devise protocols for producing large numbers of isotopically labelled slugs for use in ecological studies. A simple method is described for the collection and analysis of cutaneous mucus from individual slugs which can be used to test uniformity of isotopic labelling. 相似文献
82.
Dissolved carbon leaching from soil is a crucial component of the net ecosystem carbon balance 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
REIMO KINDLER KLAUS KAISER DAVID C. WALMSLEY CHRISTIAN BERNHOFER NINA BUCHMANN PIERRE CELLIER WERNER EUGSTER GERD GLEIXNER THOMAS GRŨNWALD ALEXANDER HEIM ANDREAS IBROM STEPHANIE K. JONES MIKE JONES KATJA KLUMPP WERNER KUTSCH KLAUS STEENBERG LARSEN SIMON LEHUGER BENJAMIN LOUBET REBECCA MCKENZIE EDDY MOORS BRUCE OSBORNE KIM PILEGAARD CORINNA REBMANN MATTHEW SAUNDERS MICHAEL W. I. SCHMIDT MARION SCHRUMPF JANINE SEYFFERTH UTE SKIBA JEAN‐FRANCOIS SOUSSANA MARK A. SUTTON CINDY TEFS BERNHARD VOWINCKEL MATTHIAS J. ZEEMAN MARTIN KAUPENJOHANN 《Global Change Biology》2011,17(2):1167-1185
Estimates of carbon leaching losses from different land use systems are few and their contribution to the net ecosystem carbon balance is uncertain. We investigated leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and dissolved methane (CH4), at forests, grasslands, and croplands across Europe. Biogenic contributions to DIC were estimated by means of its δ13C signature. Leaching of biogenic DIC was 8.3±4.9 g m?2 yr?1 for forests, 24.1±7.2 g m?2 yr?1 for grasslands, and 14.6±4.8 g m?2 yr?1 for croplands. DOC leaching equalled 3.5±1.3 g m?2 yr?1 for forests, 5.3±2.0 g m?2 yr?1 for grasslands, and 4.1±1.3 g m?2 yr?1 for croplands. The average flux of total biogenic carbon across land use systems was 19.4±4.0 g C m?2 yr?1. Production of DOC in topsoils was positively related to their C/N ratio and DOC retention in subsoils was inversely related to the ratio of organic carbon to iron plus aluminium (hydr)oxides. Partial pressures of CO2 in soil air and soil pH determined DIC concentrations and fluxes, but soil solutions were often supersaturated with DIC relative to soil air CO2. Leaching losses of biogenic carbon (DOC plus biogenic DIC) from grasslands equalled 5–98% (median: 22%) of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) plus carbon inputs with fertilization minus carbon removal with harvest. Carbon leaching increased the net losses from cropland soils by 24–105% (median: 25%). For the majority of forest sites, leaching hardly affected actual net ecosystem carbon balances because of the small solubility of CO2 in acidic forest soil solutions and large NEE. Leaching of CH4 proved to be insignificant compared with other fluxes of carbon. Overall, our results show that leaching losses are particularly important for the carbon balance of agricultural systems. 相似文献
83.
Time course of signal transduction in phytochrome-mediated anthocyanin synthesis in mustard cotyledons 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Abstract. The effectiveness of phytochrome (Pfr) in mediating anthocyanin synthesis in epidermal cells of mustard ( Sinupis alba L.) cotyledons is strongly increased by a light pretreatment of the seedling prior to competence (Mohr et al. , 1979; Johnson, 1980). Here we test the hypothesis that the observed 'sensitivity amplification' is related to a change in the time course of signal transduction from phytochrome to the responsive cell function. It was found that the time course of escape from photoreversibility—considered to reflect the time course of signal transduction—is not changed by a light pretreatment, although the rate of signal transduction increases with age and depends strongly on the level of Pfr. 相似文献
84.
SERGEI I. FOKIN THORSTEN STOECK HELMUT J. SCHMIDT 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1999,46(4):416-426
Paramecium nephridiatum Gelei. 1925, was rediscovered. It is a euryhaline brackish-water species that morphologically resembles Paramecium woodruffi . but with multiple contractile vacuole pores. The general morphology, morphometry. and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint patterns are presented for a number of the stocks collected around the world. 相似文献
85.
The development of taurine uptake into the unicellular greenalga Chlorella fusca 211-8b was characterized as a specificresponse to either nitrate or sulphate limitation. Taurine transportunder nitrogen starvation was stimulated by low pH and showeda biphasic kinetics with Km-values of 1.1 x 103 mol dm3and 1.0 x 102 mol dm3. Uptake was substantiallyinhibited by all - and ß-amino acids tested, whereassulphonate analogues failed to diminish taurine accumulation.Thus, uptake seemed to be mediated by a general aminoacid permease, unable to discriminate between carboxyland sulphonyl groups. However, Chlorella fusca could not catabolizethis unusual ß-amino acid and mobilize the amino-boundnitrogen for growth. Only a small group of -amino acids supportedthe growth of Chlorella fusca as an efficient nitrogen source. Key words: Taurine uptake, nitrogen starvation, amino acid uptake, Chlorella fusca. 相似文献
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ALEXANDER HEIM NINA MOSER HERBERT BLUM† MICHAEL W. I. SCHMIDT 《Global Change Biology》2009,15(6):1598-1602
During the last two decades, free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) studies have been conducted to study the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations on ecosystems. The distances between fumigated and control plots differ widely among those projects, but no experimental data are available how far into the surrounding area an effect of CO2 fumigation can be detected. As the CO2 gas added to the fumigated plots has a different 13C label than ambient atmospheric CO2, its carbon can be traced into plants and soil organic matter (SOM). The Swiss FACE in Eschikon had been conducted for 10 years on a grassland site. After it had ended, we analysed soil samples from three transects extending from the plots to the surrounding area for their organic carbon (Corg) content and carbon isotopic signature. We determined the maximum spatial extension to which carbon originating from the fumigation was incorporated into SOM. A budget of the fumigation gas‐derived Corg in the upper 10 cm of the soil showed that approximately 50 kg C were stored within the plots, and an additional 31 kg C were stored in their immediate surroundings up to a distance of 9 m from the gas pipes. The presented approach provides us with a method to determine a posteriori the extension to which the CO2 fumigation treatment contaminated its immediate surroundings during a FACE experiment. In the presented example, this showed that the distances between plots could have been reduced significantly. Although not generalizable to other experimental settings, the finding indicates that optimizing the spatial layout, e.g. by modelling gas dispersion, will be useful when planning future large‐scale FACE infrastructures. Our approach provides a solid basis to test such gas‐dispersion models on existing FACE sites before planning new sites. 相似文献
90.
Thirty‐three microsatellite loci were isolated for the Australian rainforest tree Macadamia integrifolia. Genotyping across a test panel of 43 commercial cultivars generated an average polymorphic information content of 0.480. Five loci showed no polymorphism across cultivars. Significant linkage disequilibrium was detected in 10 pairwise comparisons, including two pairs of loci identified from the same clone sequence. The 33 microsatellite loci represent a significant tool for genome mapping and population genetic studies. 相似文献