以国家公园为主体的保护地体系管理机制的构建

十八届三中全会提出"建立国家公园体制"以来，关于国家公园试点区、机构体制改革等方案相继推出，国家公园的建设稳步进行着。从机构设置、权力配置以及运行机制三个方面探讨以国家公园为主体的保护地体系管理机制的构建。分析发现：国家林业和草原局的设立使得国家公园有了统一的管理机构；先前多部门的职能被重新整合，权力的上交和流转、日趋完善的监管机制极大地促进了国家公园体制的建设。结合国外经验，得出我国在国家公园管理机制的构建中应重视基层机构的设置、监督机制的加强以及法律法规的完善等结论。并且对生态补偿以及多样化的管理方式做出了展望。     

Phylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega‐diverse Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera: Obtectomera): new insight from 19 nuclear genes

The Gelechioidea (>18 000 species), one of the largest superfamilies of Lepidoptera, are a major element of terrestrial ecosystems and include important pests and biological model species. Despite much recent progress, our understanding of the classification, phylogeny and evolution of Gelechioidea remains limited. Building on recent molecular studies of this superfamily and a recently revised family/subfamily classification, we provide an independent estimate of among‐family relationships, with little overlap in gene sample. We analysed up to five nuclear genes, totalling 6633 bp, for each of 77 gelechioids, plus up to 14 additional genes, for a total of 14 826 bp, in 45 of those taxa and all 19 outgroup taxa. Our maximum‐likelihood (ML) analyses, like those of previous authors, strongly support monophyly for most multiply‐sampled families and subfamilies, but very weakly support most relationships above the family level. Our tree looks superficially divergent from that of the most recent molecular study of gelechioids, but when the previous tree is re‐rooted to accord maximally with ours, the two phylogenies agree entirely on the deepest‐level divergences in Gelechioidea, and strongly though incompletely on among‐family relationships within the major groups. This concordance between independent studies is evidence that the groupings (or at least the unrooted branching order) are probably accurate, despite the low bootstrap values. After re‐rooting, both trees divide the families into three monophyletic groups: a ‘Gelechiid Assemblage,’ consisting of Gelechiidae and Cosmopterigidae; a ‘Scythridid Assemblage,’ consisting of Stathmopodidae, Scythrididae, Blastobasidae, Elachistidae, Momphidae, Coleophoridae and Batrachedridae; and a ‘Depressariid Assemblage,’ consisting of Autostichidae, Xyloryctidae, Lecithoceridae, Oecophoridae, Depressariidae and Lypusidae. Within the largest family, Gelechiidae, our results strongly support the pairing of Anomologinae with Gelechiinae, in accordance with a recent study of this family. Relationships among the other subfamilies, however, conflict moderately to strongly between studies, leaving the intrafamily phylogeny unsettled. Within the ‘Scythridid Assemblage,’ both trees support an ‘SSB clade’ consisting of Blastobasidae + (Scythrididae + Stathmopodidae), strongly resolved only in our results. Coleophoridae + Batrachedridae is supported, albeit weakly, in both trees, and only Momphidae differ in position between studies. Within the ‘Depressariid Assemblage,’ both trees support an ‘AXLO’ clade consisting of Autostichidae, Xyloryctidae, Lecithoceridae and Oecophoridae. The monophyly of this clade and relationships therein are supported weakly in previous results but strongly in ours. The recently re‐defined family Depressariidae is paraphyletic in our tree, but the evidence against depressariid monophyly is very weak. There is moderate support for a core group of Depressariidae consisting, among the seven subfamilies we sampled, of Depressariinae, Aeolanthinae and Hypertrophinae. We show that gelechioids have a higher total number and percentage of species that are saprophagous as larvae than any other apoditrysian superfamily, that saprophagy is concentrated primarily in the ‘AXLO clade,’ and that the ancestral gelechioid condition was probably feeding on live plants. Among the living‐plant feeders, concealed external feeding was probably the ancestral state. The multiple origins of internal feeding of various kinds, including leaf mining (otherwise almost unknown in Apoditrysia), are restricted mostly to the Scythridid and Gelechiid Assemblages. The traits that predispose or permit lineages to adopt these unusual life histories are worthy of study.     

Effect of sex and bright coloration on survival and predator‐induced wing damage in an aposematic lantern fly with startle display

1. Aposematic coloration in prey promotes its survival by conspicuously advertising unpalatability to predators. Although classical examples of aposematic signals involve constant presentation of a signal at a distance, some animals suddenly display warning colours only when they are attacked. 2. Characteristics of body parts suddenly displayed, such as conspicuous coloration or eyespot pattern, may increase the survival of the prey by startling the predator, and/or by signalling unpalatability to the predators at the moment of attack. 3. The adaptive value of such colour patterns suddenly displayed by unpalatable prey has not been studied. We experimentally blackened the red patch in the conspicuous red–white–black hindwing pattern displayed by an unpalatable insect Lycorma delicatula White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in response to predator's attack. 4. There was no evidence that the presence of the red patch increased prey survival over several weeks. We hypothesise that predators generalised from the red–white–black patches on the hindwings of unpalatable L. delicatula to any similar wing display as a signal of unpalatability. Because a higher proportion of males than females stay put at their resting sites, displaying their wings in response to repeated attacks by predators, wing damage was more frequent in males than in females. 5. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental test of an adaptive role of aposematic signals presented by unpalatable prey during sudden displays triggered by direct predatory attack.     

Taxonomy of genus Myrmecopora Saulcy in Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)

A taxonomic study of Korean Myrmecopora Saulcy is presented. Myrmecopora (Lamproxenusa) rufescens (Sharp) previously reported by Ahn was an incorrect identification of M. (L.) reticulata Assing. Diagnoses, habitus photographs and line drawings of diagnostic characters are provided.     

阿里食虱跳小蜂生物学特性及其应用研究进展

柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是传播柑橘黄龙病病菌的重要媒介昆虫,对我国柑橘产业的健康发展造成了严重的威胁.阿里食虱跳小蜂Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis(Shaffe,Alam and Agarwal)是柑橘木虱的一种优良内寄生蜂,在我国乃至世界多个国家均有分布,发挥着重要的生防作用.本文综述了阿里食虱跳小蜂分类地位、形态特征、地理分布、生长发育、生殖能力、寿命、寄生行为等生物学特性,以及人工繁育技术的研究与应用的最新研究进展,同时分析了目前其应用方面存在的问题,旨在为我国今后利用阿里食虱跳小蜂科学、高效和可持续防控柑橘木虱提供参考,不断推动我国柑橘产业健康、稳定和可持续发展.     

A eubrachythoracid arthrodire with a snubnose from Gogo, Western Australia

A new eubrachythoracid arthrodire, Simosteus tuberculatus gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia and its structure and relationships are discussed. It is related to the trematosteids, leiosteids and hadrosteids on the evidence of 'fused' preorbital and postnasal bones.