Temporal dynamics and spatial variability in the enhancement of canopy leaf area under elevated atmospheric CO2

Increased canopy leaf area (L) may lead to higher forest productivity and alter processes such as species dynamics and ecosystem mass and energy fluxes. Few CO₂ enrichment studies have been conducted in closed canopy forests and none have shown a sustained enhancement of L. We reconstructed 8 years (1996–2003) of L at Duke's Free Air CO₂ Enrichment experiment to determine the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) on L before and after canopy closure in a pine forest with a hardwood component, focusing on interactions with temporal variation in water availability and spatial variation in nitrogen (N) supply. The dynamics of L were reconstructed using data on leaf litterfall mass and specific leaf area for hardwoods, and needle litterfall mass and specific leaf area combined with needle elongation rates, and fascicle and shoot counts for pines. The dynamics of pine L production and senescence were unaffected by elevated [CO₂], although L senescence for hardwoods was slowed. Elevated [CO₂] enhanced pine L and the total canopy L (combined pine and hardwood species; P<0.050); on average, enhancement following canopy closure was ～16% and 14% respectively. However, variation in pine L and its response to elevated [CO₂] was not random. Each year pine L under ambient and elevated [CO₂] was spatially correlated to the variability in site nitrogen availability (e.g. r²=0.94 and 0.87 in 2001, when L was highest before declining due to droughts and storms), with the [CO₂]‐induced enhancement increasing with N (P=0.061). Incorporating data on N beyond the range of native fertility, achieved through N fertilization, indicated that pine L had reached the site maximum under elevated [CO₂] where native N was highest. Thus closed canopy pine forests may be able to increase leaf area under elevated [CO₂] in moderate fertility sites, but are unable to respond to [CO₂] in both infertile sites (insufficient resources) and sites having high levels of fertility (maximum utilization of resources). The total canopy L, representing the combined L of pine and hardwood species, was constant across the N gradient under both ambient and elevated [CO₂], generating a constant enhancement of canopy L. Thus, in mixed species stands, L of canopy hardwoods which developed on lower fertility sites (～3 g N inputs m^?2 yr^?1) may be sufficiently enhanced under elevated [CO₂] to compensate for the lack of response in pine L, and generate an appreciable response of total canopy L (～14%).     

柑橘木虱成虫趋光行为反应

柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是柑橘黄龙病(huanglongbing,HLB)的重要传播媒介。为了利用灯光诱控技术防治柑橘木虱,本实验于室内条件下研究柑橘木虱对波长为360 nm、400 nm、440 nm、480 nm、520 nm、560 nm和600 nm的LED光源和不同光照强度趋光行为反应。结果表明:柑橘木虱对7种单色光都有正趋向性。其中雌雄混合存在时对400 nm的紫光趋向性最强,其次是560 nm的绿光;单独处理时,雌成虫对400 nm的紫光趋性最强,其次是520 nm的绿光,雄成虫则是对520 nm的绿光趋性最强,其次是400 nm的紫光。在200μw/cm 2到1000μw/cm 2的光照强度范围内,随着光照强度的增大,柑橘木虱雄成虫趋光行为逐渐增强,在光照强度为1000μw/cm 2时趋光行为最强,但雌成虫趋光行为变化不明显。该研究表明:柑橘木虱雌雄成虫具有明显的正趋光性,且对光谱和光强的反应存在差异。这一结果可为柑橘木虱田间的灯光诱控提供实验依据。     

须癣毛癣菌致人兔共患体癣3例

报道须癣毛癣菌引起的人兔共患体癣3例.患者皮损均为环状红斑丘疹,上覆鳞屑,炎症明显,伴瘙痒,均与兔子有密切接触史,且兔子均有明显皮损.取患者及兔子的皮屑真菌镜检及培养,鉴定为须癣毛癣菌,经口服及外用抗真菌药物后治愈.     

阿司匹林对体外培养骨髓基质细胞成骨性分化的影响

目的:探讨阿司匹林对骨髓基质细胞成骨性分化的影响。方法:培养SD大鼠骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs),传代3次后进行成骨诱导分化,诱导培养基中加入不同浓度阿司匹林(0.5、1、2、5、10mmol/L),同时设立对照组。采用cck-8法分析细胞增殖情况。比较阿司匹林组与对照组在细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性、骨钙素(OC)分泌量、钙结节染色等方面的成骨性差异。结果:阿司匹林无促进细胞增殖活性,而高浓度阿司匹林能够强烈抑制细胞增殖。0.5、1、2mmol/L浓度阿司匹林可促进BMSCs的成骨性分化,中低浓度组碱性磷酸酶含量、骨钙素分泌量在不同阶段显著高于对照组。14天茜素红染色可见中低浓度组钙结节数量高于对照组。结论:中低浓度阿司匹林作用于骨髓基质细胞可促进其成骨细胞特性表达,这表明阿司匹林有促进骨代谢合成的作用。     

Phylogeny of the Homalotina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) based on morphology

The aleocharine subtribe Homalotina Heer represents one of the most diverse lineages of Staphylinidae. Despite its wide distribution and diversity, the phylogenetic relationships of the subtribe remain poorly understood. Here, we present the first cladistic analysis of the Homalotina based on morphological data. The subtribe is hypothesized to be a monophyletic group consisting of seven genera (Anomognathus Solier, Cephaloxynum Bernhauer, Holisomimus Cameron, Homalota Mannerheim, Neomalota Cameron, Stenomastax Cameron, and Thecturota Casey). The dataset for phylogenetic analysis comprised 83 characters representing 245 character states derived from adult morphology. These data were analysed using equal weighting and implied weighting schemes (k = 1–6) and results support the monophyly of the subtribe based on two synapomorphic characters (complete postoccipital sutures on head, posterolateral margin of metacoxae with macrosetae) and three homoplastic characters (medial setae on prementum not extended to apex of ligula, medial setae on labium contiguous, posterolateral angle of elytron slightly sinuate). Generic relationships differ in each analysis within the Homalotina (EW, IW with k = 1, 2–4, 5–6) although there are some identical topologies among the IW trees. Clades A, B, C, D, H, J and G were resolved as monophyletic in all weighting regimes. The monophyly of the genera is relatively well supported except for the genera Homalota and Stenomastax. Homalota species were recovered in four independent clades (clade C, D, I, K) and the Stenomastax species were recovered in two independent lineages. Candidates for the possible new genera are discussed. We herein transfer Homalota flavomaculata Bernhauer to the genus Stenomastax, resulting in the new combination [Stenomastax flavomaculata (Bernhauer)]. Our preliminary character correlation tests using phylogenetic pairwise comparisons did not support the hypothesis of association between flattened body form, and subcortical habitat and anterior shift of antennal insertion in Homalotini.     

Germination and emergence of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. under changing environmental conditions in China

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effects of key environmental factors on germination and seedling emergence of the invasive weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) collected from Mudanjiang (temperate climate), Nanjing (temperate–subtropical) and Nanchang (subtropical) in China. Germination of seeds occurred at temperatures ranging from 5 to 40°C, under both a 12‐h photoperiod and continuous darkness. Germination success exceeded 48% in solutions with pH values between 4 and 12, with maximum rates occurring in distilled water at pH 5.57. Germination was greatly reduced in solutions with osmotic potentials below ?0.8 MPa. Accordingly, the final germination ratio exceeded 69% at <200 mmol/L NaCl, but only reached 8% at 400 mmol/L NaCl. Emergence was greater than 75% at burial seed depths of 1–4 cm; no seedlings emerged from a soil depth of 8 cm. Seeds collected from Mudanjiang, Nanjing and Nanchang had very similar germination traits, with the main differences occurring in relation to temperature. The great germination success of common ragweed over highly variable conditions throughout its Chinese distribution range explains its successful large‐scale invasion.     

蜡螟在念珠菌属真菌动物模型中应用价值的探究

目的构建蜡螟的念珠菌属真菌动物模型并探究真菌对蜡螟的细胞、组织、器官的影响以及念珠菌属真菌蜡螟模型的应用价值。方法用注射器吸取一定量的菌液注入蜡螟体内,在30℃培养箱中培养一定时间后,取出其中的一小部分蜡螟进行解剖,观察真菌菌丝对蜡螟肠道组织的损伤情况,取另一小部分蜡螟做病理切片,同时记录不同时间段蜡螟的生存死亡情况;将空白蜡螟断头取血,分离淋巴细胞后用DMEM培养,用热灭活真菌处理蜡螟淋巴血细胞,37℃培养3 h后,分别用ROS(氧化应激水平)探针和溶酶体探针标记ROS、溶酶体,观察真菌刺激细胞时的自噬水平的变化。结果真菌菌丝对蜡螟的肠道组织产生损伤,病理切片显示大量菌丝生长,细胞吞噬真菌后,ROS升高,溶酶体与菌共定位。结论念珠菌属真菌的蜡螟模型中,真菌对蜡螟的细胞、组织、器官均有损伤,蜡螟的细胞自噬水平升高,并且此模型具有易操作,价格低廉,便于进行统计学分析等优势。     

万博节皮菌致儿童面癣误诊1例

报道1例由万博节皮菌Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii导致的面癣。患者女,9岁,面部大片红斑肿胀脱屑伴瘙痒7个月,被误诊为"多型红斑",口服激素3周,停药后皮损面积迅速扩大,伴鳞屑瘙痒。2015年4月21日就诊于我科,真菌直接镜检阳性,培养和PCR结果为万博节皮菌。给予口服伊曲康唑胶囊2个月后痊愈。