Serotonin Inhibits Acetylcholine Release from Rat Striatum Slices: Evidence for a Presynaptic Receptor-Mediated Effect

Rat brain striatum slices were incubated with [3H]choline, perfused with a physiological buffer, and stimulated by perfusion with a K+-enriched buffer for 2 min. The tritium overflow evoked by K+ was decreased by 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) (maximal inhibition 10(-6) M). This effect of 5-HT was mimicked by several agonists (5-methoxytryptamine, N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine, bufotenin) and blocked by serotonergic antagonists (methiothepin, methysergide, cinanserin) but not by haloperidol; methiothepin and methysergide alone slightly increased the K+-evoked overflow of tritium (3H). Inhibition of the tritium release by 5-HT was not suppressed in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) (10(-6) M). These results suggest that 5-HT tonically inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) release from striatal cholinergic neurons by acting on a presynaptic receptor localized on cholinergic terminals.     

Effect of dilution rate on eicosapentaenoic acid productivity ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum utex 640 in outdoor chemostat culture

Summary Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) volumetric productivity from an outdoor chemostat culture ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 in a 50-l tubular photobioreactor varies with dilution rate, reaching a maximum of 47.8 mg l^–1 d^–1 at D=0.36 d^–1. Continuous culture at high dilution rates' is proposed as the most adequate operating mode to maximize polyunsaturated fatty acid production.     

Initiation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. Association of factor VIIa with a cell line expressing tissue factor

We have examined initial assembly of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation on cell surfaces with radiolabeled human factor VIIa and a human fetal lung cell line possessing abundant functional tissue factor activity. Binding of factor VIIa to these cells was observed and was time- and temperature-dependent. Binding of factor VIIa was quantitatively equivalent at 37 and 6 degrees C, although the kinetics of binding differed. The radiolabeled ligand bound by the cell was indistinguishable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis from the factor VIIa offered. Factor VIIa binding was influenced by calcium ions. The binding appears to involve at least two classes of calcium-dependent binding sites. Optimal binding occurred at 2 mM calcium for both classes of sites, and there was inhibition of binding to the high affinity sites at higher calcium. Association of factor VIIa was specific, saturable, had a Kd of 123 +/- 37 pm, and factor VIIa interacted with about 100,000 binding sites per cell. Once established, specific binding was rapidly reversible. Direct cellular binding of human factor X also was observed and was calcium, time- and temperature-dependent. Factor X binding was specific and saturable with half-maximal binding at 87.6 +/- 27.4 nM to 6.03 +/- 1.03 X 10(6) sites per cell. Specific high affinity binding of factor VIIa correlated with generation of factor Xa. A direct linear relationship was observed at low factor VIIa binding; however, at higher bound factor VIIa, the relationship was nonstoichiometric, i.e. less factor Xa was formed per mole of factor VIIa. Expression of specific binding sites for factors VIIa and X provides further substantiation for the molecular assembly hypothesized to initiate the extrinsic coagulation protease cascade on cells.     

Obligatory amino acids in primitive proteins

Conformational similarity among amino acid residues, a property derived by analysing (φ, ψ)-probability distributions of 20 proteinous amino acids from 38 different globular proteins, is used to arrive at a set of six ‘obligatory’ amino acids of primitive proteins. The amino acids Ser, Val, Leu, Asp, Gly and Pro have been argued to be ‘obligatory’ and to represent, conformationally, the remaining amino acids. The reasons for consideration of these six residues as ‘obligatory’ are discussed. Methods to check the validity of our proposition are suggested.     

The differential effect on two hybrid proteins of deletion mutations within the hydrophobic region of the Escherichia coli OmpA signal peptide

Oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis was used to systematically shorten the hydrophobic region within the signal peptide of the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein OmpA. DNA encoding the wild type and mutant OmpA signal peptides were then fused in frame to DNA encoding the mature regions of Staphylococcus aureus nuclease A and TEM beta-lactamase. The ability of these signal peptides to direct processing of the resulting hybrid proteins was dependent on both their length and the protein to which they were fused. Deletion of two or more residues progressively slowed processing of pro-OmpA-nuclease. By contrast, pro-OmpA-beta-lactamase was less sensitive to the length of the hydrophobic region than to the nature of the deleted residue(s). Deletion of an Ala residue tended to reduce processing efficiency of pro-OmpA-beta-lactamase, while deletion of an Ile residue, together with the Ala residue, resulted in improvement. The loss of either 3 or 4 residues abolished processing of both hybrids. These data indicate that both the length as well as the identity of residues in the hydrophobic region are important. The relative importance of these two factors depends on the mature region of the protein being secreted.