DISTANCE DATA REVISITED

Abstract— Objections to my earlier demonstration, that the branch lengths of trees fitted to distance matrices have no physical interpretation, are shown to be ill-founded. In particular the contention of Felsenstein, that fitted lengths estimate expectations of amounts of change, is shown to lead to a paradox. A method is introduced for constructing multiple trees of optimal or near-optimal fit to distance data, and this is found to give better performance than previous methods. Most published trees based on distances have been poorly chosen. Consensus trees of several trees with near-optimal fit are found to be quite poorly resolved, and it appears that molecular distances seldom provide much useful information on phylogenetic relationships.     

The development of anoxia following occlusion

Following arteriolar occlusion, tissue oxygen concentration decreases and anoxic tissue eventually develops. Although anoxia first appears in the region most distal to the capillary at the venous end, it eventually spreads throughout the entire region of supply. In this paper the changing oxygen concentration, from the time of occlusion until the tissue is entirely anoxic, is examined mathematically. The equations governing oxygen transport to tissue are solved by iterating a nonlinear integral equation. This solution is valid until anoxia first appears. After anoxia develops it is necessary to solve a moving boundary problem. This is done using the method of matched asymptotic expansions, and accurate solutions are obtained for a wide range of physiological conditions.     

Evidence for essential primary amino groups in a bacterial coupling factor F1ATPase

We have found that the binding of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate to 6 primary amino groups leads to the inactivation of the enzyme. A preferential reaction of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate with the α-subunits of this enzyme can be demonstrated. The reactivity of the amino groups is influenced by various effectors. In the presence of ATP the inhibition of the ATPase activity is noncompetitive.     

Multiple polyadenylation sites in a Drosophila tropomyosin gene are used to generate functional mRNAs.

The gene encoding muscle tropomyosin I in Drosophila is alternatively spliced in embryonic and thoracic muscle to generate two sizes classes of RNAs. By Northern blot analysis, the embryonic RNA class shows a broad RNA band of hybridization of 1.3 kb and a more sharply defined, less abundant RNA band at 1.6 kb. The thoracic class of RNAs, on the other hand, consists of a broad hybridization band at 1.7 kb and a more sharply defined band at 1.9 kb. Each size class of RNA encodes a different tropomyosin isoform. The two classes of alternatively spliced RNAs utilize the same 3' terminal exon of the gene. The DNA sequence of this exon reveals a cluster of several polyadenylation signals (AAUAAA) or polyadenylation-like signals. We show here by S1 nuclease protection analysis that at least five and possibly seven of these polyadenylation or polyadenylation-like sequences are associated with in vivo embryonic and thoracic mRNA cleavage processing sites. Six of these S1 sites are clustered within 119 bp and a seventh is located 255 bp downstream. At least one of the polyadenylation-like signal sequences appears to be an unusual AACAAA sequence. In addition we also show that these mRNAs function in vitro to synthesize muscle tropomyosins.     

Novel inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis and exocytosis by diethylcarbamazine in the Swarm rat chondrocyte

Pretreatment of cultured chondrosarcoma chondrocytes at 37 degrees C for 15 min with 15 mM diethylcarbamazine (DEC) followed by a 60-min pulse with [35S] sulfate in the presence of DEC resulted in an approximate 40% inhibition of synthesis and a 75% inhibition of secretion of 35S-proteoglycan. The inhibition was dose-related and was not due to a decrease in protein synthesis. Chondrocytes exposed for 75 min to 15 mM DEC, washed, incubated for 17 h in DEC-free medium, and then pulsed with [35S]sulfate showed no inhibition in the rate of synthesis of proteoglycan or in the per cent of radiolabeled proteoglycans exocytosed into the culture medium, indicating full reversibility of the inhibitory effect. When chondrocytes were incubated for 75 min with both 1 mM beta-D-xyloside and 15 mM DEC, secretion of beta-D-xyloside-bound 35S-glycosaminoglycan was inhibited by more than 70% despite an approximate 3-fold increase in intracellular 35S-macromolecules, as compared to cells exposed to beta-D-xyloside alone. Upon removal of DEC, the block in the secretion of beta-D-xyloside-bound 35S-glycosaminoglycans was reversed, although there was a 15-30-min lag in the initiation of exocytosis. Light and electron microscopic examination of chondrocytes after 75 min of incubation with 15 mM DEC revealed large vacuoles, a distended Golgi apparatus, and a distended endoplasmic reticulum which contained electron dense material. Upon removal of DEC, the vacuoles disappeared and distended organelles returned to their normal appearance between 15 and 30 min, coincident with the start of exocytosis of 35S-proteoglycan and beta-D-xyloside-bound 35S-glycosaminoglycan. These biochemical and morphological studies indicate that DEC treatment of chondrosarcoma chondrocytes alters the transport of molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and the transport of molecules from the Golgi to the cell surface.     

Antibodies to the hepatitis A virus in the healthy population of Moscow

Serum specimens collected from 1002 persons in Moscow were tested for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV antibodies) by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. The prevalence of these antibodies increased progressively with age from 10% in children aged 5-9 years to over 90% in the age groups of 40-49 years and over, the 50% immunity level being established at the age of 18 years. 79% of infants under 1 year were found to be immune, which was obviously due to the placental transfer of antibodies from mother to child. In a considerable part of seropositive persons over 30 years high or medium antibody titers were detected. These age groups showed a stable proportion of the low, medium and high level of anti-HAV antibodies. The prevalence of such antibodies was not related to sex. The presence of an ample amount of anti-HAV antibodies was determined in all of 18 tested lots of commercial serum immunoglobulin obtained from 3 different manufacturers.     

Vegetative fallows and potential value of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) in the tropics

Research into the systems of agriculture based on vegetative fallows should begin from enquiries into the shrubs and trees most efficient in restoring soil productivity and providing firewood, timber, fodder and other products essential to meeting basic needs at the rural household and community level. Local processing of such products can give rise to the establishment of thriving village industries and thus generate employment and additional income. Neem tree,Azadirachta indica, of the semiarid regions is one outstanding example of a species which is not only an efficient soil ameliorant but can also provide a series of products highly competitive in price and quality with petroleum-based synthetics. Enough scientific evidence has been gathered from several hundred references on the subject to warrant the launching of a well coordinated multidisciplinary research and development programme leading to agricultural, industrial and commercial exploitation of this tree. Proposals for the implementation of several projects within the programme are briefly outlined in this paper.