噪音环境下花臭蛙求偶鸣声特征分析

2012年7月份,在黄山浮溪地区利用超声录音设备录制并分析了繁殖季节雄性花臭蛙(Odorrana schmackeri)个体的求偶鸣声。观察发现花臭蛙繁殖活动主要集中在7月中旬,繁殖高峰期活动无昼夜规律,全天均可见求偶鸣叫及抱对产卵等行为,并且多在浅水滩处活动。花臭蛙鸣声根据音节数和声谱特征可分为4种类型:即单音节音、婴儿音、双音节音和多音节断奏音,其中,单音节音、双音节音和婴儿音较为常见。利用Selena软件给出4种声音的语图以及各自对应的能谱图,利用Sound Analysis pro v1.2对单音节音、双音节音和婴儿音的鸣声特征参数进行定量分析,分析的声音参数包括鸣叫持续时间、音节数、音节持续时间、音节间隔、主频、脉冲率等。结果表明,花臭蛙鸣声的主频范围为1.8~4.5 k Hz(n=65)。鸣声不包括超声组分,主频峰值(3.1±0.7)k Hz,与前人电生理实验所得花臭蛙听觉敏感峰值一致,说明花臭蛙主要在这一频段进行通讯。对3种常见鸣叫音声音参数的单因素方差分析结果表明,双音节音与单音节音和婴儿音在声音持续时间上存在显著性差异(P0.01),双音节音和单音节音在第二谐波声强上也具有显著性差异(P=0.01)。花臭蛙的双音节音在3种常见鸣叫音中具有最长的持续时间,为(99.5±8.4)ms,故推测,双音节音为花臭蛙繁殖期主要求偶鸣声,并通过其鸣声时长的变化来体现自身品质的好坏。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paradevosia shaoguanensis</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated from a Coking Wastewater

A Gram staining negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain J5-3^T with a single polar flagellum was isolated from coking wastewater collected from Shaoguan, Guangdong, China. It was motile and capable of optimal growth at pH 6–8, 30 °C, and 0–2 % (w/v) NaCl. Its predominant fatty acids were 11-methyl C_18:1 ω7c (29.2 %), C_16:0 (20.6 %), C_19:0 cyclo ω8c (18.2 %), C_18:0 (11.0 %), and C_18:1 ω7c/C_18:1 ω6c (10.9 %) when grown on trypticase soy agar. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two unknown glycolipids (GL1, GL2), and two unknown phospholipid (PL1, PL2). The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10, and the genome DNA G+C content was 61.7 mol %. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain J5-3^T belonged to the family Hyphomicrobiaceae in Alphaproteobacteria. It shared the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 93.8–96.1 % with the genus Devosia, 94.5–94.8 % with the genus Pelagibacterium, and <92.0 % with all the other type strains in family Hyphomicrobiaceae. It can be distinguished from the closest phylogenetic neighbors based on several phenotypic and genotypic features, including α-galactosidase activity, tetracycline susceptibility, major fatty acid composition, polar lipid profile, DNA gyrase B subunit (gyrB) gene sequence, and random-amplified polymorphic DNA profile. Therefore, we consider strain J5-3^T to represent a novel species of a novel genus within the family Hyphomicrobiaceae, for which the name Paradevosia shaoguanensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Paradevosia shaoguanensis is J5-3^T (=CGMCC 1.12430^T =LMG 27409^T).     

Biochar amendment to soils impairs developmental and reproductive performances of a major rice pest Nilaparvata lugens (Homopera: Delphacidae)

Biochar amendments to soils had aroused much interest for having potential for greenhouse gas mitigation, soil improvement and increased crop productivity. However, little attention had been focused on the influence of biochar amendments on herbivorous insect pests. This study investigated whether a biochar amendment affected developmental and reproductive performances of the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) feeding on rice plants. The biochar from the pyrolysis of wheat straw was used for treatments of soils (from a fallow rice field), and the treated soils were applied to grow rice seedlings in small vials, in which N. lugens life history was observed. The nymphal development time was delayed and nymph‐to‐adult survival decreased with a high level of 200 g/kg biochar application. Herbivore lifetime fecundity decreased with increasing amounts of biochar, from 256 eggs under the control down to 69 eggs under the high level (200 g/kg) of biochar application. Egg‐hatching rate significantly decreased at the highest biochar level (200 g/kg), compared to the other lower biochar levels. Our results suggest that biochar amendment to rice fields may have negative impacts on the rice brown planthoppers when applied at level of 200 g/kg of soil.     

短枝木麻黄种群苗期表型多样性评价

以来源于大洋洲原生种源区、亚洲原生种源区、亚洲引种次生区以及非洲引种次生区4个区域的20个种源短枝木麻黄种子和当年生幼苗为材料,通过种子千粒重以及幼苗苗高、地径、一级侧枝粗度、一级侧枝长度等7个性状对短枝木麻黄表型多样性进行了研究,以探讨种群苗期表型遗传差异,为短枝木麻黄早期遗传选择和遗传改良提供基本资料。结果表明:(1)短枝木麻黄种子千粒重在区域间和区域内种源间差异极显著,且千粒重具有显著的地理变异模式,随经度的增大而降低。(2)当年生幼苗苗高、地径在不同区域间及区域内种源间均存在极显著差异,其中泰国干东港种源幼苗生长最好(苗高76.6cm,地径4.64mm),而种源汤加的幼苗生长最差(苗高28.3cm,地径2.58mm)。(3)当年生幼苗一级侧枝粗度、一级侧枝长度、二级侧枝长度、每小枝节数和齿叶数在不同区域间及区域内种源间均存在极显著差异,其中齿叶数在区域间的变异系数最大(82.15%)。(4)通径分析表明,一级侧枝长度对苗高具有显著的正向影响作用,而一级侧枝粗度和二级侧枝长度对地径具有显著正向影响作用,它们可作为短枝木麻黄优良新品种筛选的参考因子。