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131.
Question: How can statistical modelling tools (GLMM) and GIS be used as an aid in understanding complex ecological patterns? This general question was approached by using bryophyte demography data as an example. More specifically, we asked what is the contribution of terrain shape to explaining the performance and fate of plant individuals, controlling for all other known relationships? Location: Norway. Methods: Information on demography was obtained for 140 populations of the perennial clonal bryophyte Hylocomium splendens in Norway spruce forests during an 11‐year period (1992‐2002). Performance (size and branching pattern) was recorded for mature segments and fate was recorded for growing points. Positions of each of the more than 30 000 recorded bryophyte ramets were coupled with (micro‐) topographic characteristics (slope and convexity) derived from fine‐scale digital elevation models in a GIS framework. Carefully planned sequences of generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) were performed to test predictions from a conceptual path model. Results: We demonstrate strong dependence of size on branching, fate and on vertical position in the bryophyte carpet, and an effect of vertical position on branching pattern. Micro‐topography contributed to explaining plant performance by four different mechanisms: (1) a direct effect of slope on the segment's vertical position in the carpet; (2‐3) direct effects of both slope and convexity on fates of individuals via controls on risk of burial; and (4) an indirect effect of convexity on branching pattern via a direct effect on size. No indication of a direct effect of terrain on branching was found. Conclusions: Our study exemplifies the usefulness of GLMM for disentangling complex ecological relationships. Specifically, we recognise micro‐topography as a potentially important factor for plant demography in general and for performance and fate of individuals in particular. 相似文献
132.
?yvind Halskau Jr. Ming Ying Anne Baumann Rune Kleppe David Rodriguez-Larrea Bj?rg Alm?s Jan Haavik Aurora Martinez 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2009,284(47):32758-32769
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines, is activated by phosphorylation-dependent binding to 14-3-3 proteins. The N-terminal domain of TH is also involved in interaction with lipid membranes. We investigated the binding of the N-terminal domain to its different partners, both in the unphosphorylated (TH-(1–43)) and Ser19-phosphorylated (THp-(1–43)) states by surface plasmon resonance. THp-(1–43) showed high affinity for 14-3-3 proteins (Kd ∼ 0.5 μm for 14-3-3γ and -ζ and 7 μm for 14-3-3η). The domains also bind to negatively charged membranes with intermediate affinity (concentration at half-maximal binding S0.5 = 25–58 μm (TH-(1–43)) and S0.5 = 135–475 μm (THp-(1–43)), depending on phospholipid composition) and concomitant formation of helical structure. 14-3-3γ showed a preferential binding to membranes, compared with 14-3-3ζ, both in chromaffin granules and with liposomes at neutral pH. The affinity of 14-3-3γ for negatively charged membranes (S0.5 = 1–9 μm) is much higher than the affinity of TH for the same membranes, compatible with the formation of a ternary complex between Ser19-phosphorylated TH, 14-3-3γ, and membranes. Our results shed light on interaction mechanisms that might be relevant for the modulation of the distribution of TH in the cytoplasm and membrane fractions and regulation of l-DOPA and dopamine synthesis. 相似文献
133.
Background
The dynamic motions of many proteins are central to their function. It therefore follows that the dynamic requirements of a protein are evolutionary constrained. In order to assess and quantify this, one needs to compare the dynamic motions of different proteins. Comparing the dynamics of distinct proteins may also provide insight into how protein motions are modified by variations in sequence and, consequently, by structure. The optimal way of comparing complex molecular motions is, however, far from trivial. The majority of comparative molecular dynamics studies performed to date relied upon prior sequence or structural alignment to define which residues were equivalent in 3-dimensional space. 相似文献134.
Double-stranded RNA is produced by positive-strand RNA viruses and DNA viruses but not in detectable amounts by negative-strand RNA viruses 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14 下载免费PDF全文
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) longer than 30 bp is a key activator of the innate immune response against viral infections. It is widely assumed that the generation of dsRNA during genome replication is a trait shared by all viruses. However, to our knowledge, no study exists in which the production of dsRNA by different viruses is systematically investigated. Here, we investigated the presence and localization of dsRNA in cells infected with a range of viruses, employing a dsRNA-specific antibody for immunofluorescence analysis. Our data revealed that, as predicted, significant amounts of dsRNA can be detected for viruses with a genome consisting of positive-strand RNA, dsRNA, or DNA. Surprisingly, however, no dsRNA signals were detected for negative-strand RNA viruses. Thus, dsRNA is indeed a general feature of most virus groups, but negative-strand RNA viruses appear to be an exception to that rule. 相似文献
135.
de Morrée A Hensbergen PJ van Haagen HH Dragan I Deelder AM 't Hoen PA Frants RR van der Maarel SM 《PloS one》2010,5(11):e13854
Dysferlin is critical for repair of muscle membranes after damage. Mutations in dysferlin lead to a progressive muscular dystrophy. Recent studies suggest additional roles for dysferlin. We set out to study dysferlin's protein-protein interactions to obtain comprehensive knowledge of dysferlin functionalities in a myogenic context. We developed a robust and reproducible method to isolate dysferlin protein complexes from cells and tissue. We analyzed the composition of these complexes in cultured myoblasts, myotubes and skeletal muscle tissue by mass spectrometry and subsequently inferred potential protein functions through bioinformatics analyses. Our data confirm previously reported interactions and support a function for dysferlin as a vesicle trafficking protein. In addition novel potential functionalities were uncovered, including phagocytosis and focal adhesion. Our data reveal that the dysferlin protein complex has a dynamic composition as a function of myogenic differentiation. We provide additional experimental evidence and show dysferlin localization to, and interaction with the focal adhesion protein vinculin at the sarcolemma. Finally, our studies reveal evidence for cross-talk between dysferlin and its protein family member myoferlin. Together our analyses show that dysferlin is not only a membrane repair protein but also important for muscle membrane maintenance and integrity. 相似文献
136.
Nordstrand LM Svärd J Larsen E Nilsen A Ougland R Furu K Lien GF Rognes T Namekawa SH Lee JT Klungland A 《PloS one》2010,5(11):e13827
Background
Eschericia coli AlkB is a 2-oxoglutarate- and iron-dependent dioxygenase that reverses alkylated DNA damage by oxidative demethylation. Mouse AlkB homolog 1 (Alkbh1) is one of eight members of the newly discovered family of mammalian dioxygenases.Methods and Findings
In the present study we show non-Mendelian inheritance of the Alkbh1 targeted allele in mice. Both Alkbh1−/− and heterozygous Alkbh1+/− offspring are born at a greatly reduced frequency. Additionally, the sex-ratio is considerably skewed against female offspring, with one female born for every three to four males. Most mechanisms that cause segregation distortion, act in the male gametes and affect male fertility. The skewing of the sexes appears to be of paternal origin, and might be set in the pachythene stage of meiosis during spermatogenesis, in which Alkbh1 is upregulated more than 10-fold. In testes, apoptotic spermatids were revealed in 5–10% of the tubules in Alkbh1−/− adults. The deficiency of Alkbh1 also causes misexpression of Bmp2, 4 and 7 at E11.5 during embryonic development. This is consistent with the incompletely penetrant phenotypes observed, particularly recurrent unilateral eye defects and craniofacial malformations.Conclusions
Genetic and phenotypic assessment suggests that Alkbh1 mediates gene regulation in spermatogenesis, and that Alkbh1 is essential for normal sex-ratio distribution and embryonic development in mice. 相似文献137.
138.
139.
Aurore Aubail Jonas Teilmann Rune Dietz Frank Rig��t Tero Harkonen Olle Karlsson Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid Florence Caurant 《Polar Biology》2011,34(9):1411-1420
Recent studies have shown that the complementary analysis of mercury (Hg) concentrations and stable isotopic ratios of nitrogen
(δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) can be useful for investigating the trophic influence on the Hg exposure and accumulation in marine top predators. In this
study, we propose to evaluate the interspecies variability of Hg concentrations in phocids from polar areas and to compare
Hg bioaccumulation between both hemispheres. Mercury concentrations, δ15N and δ13C were measured in fur from 85 individuals representing 7 phocidae species, a Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossii), Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii), crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus), harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and a bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), from Greenland, Denmark and Antarctica. Our results showed a positive correlation between Hg concentrations and δ15N values among all individuals. Seals from the Northern ecosystems displayed greater Hg concentrations, δ15N and δ13C values than those from the Southern waters. Those geographical differences in Hg and stable isotopes values were likely
due to higher environmental Hg concentrations and somewhat greater number of steps in Arctic food webs. Moreover, dissimilarities
in feeding habits among species were shown through δ15N and δ13C analysis, resulting in an important interspecific variation in fur Hg concentrations. A trophic segregation was observed
between crabeater seals and the other species, resulting from the very specific diet of krill of this species and leading
to the lowest observed Hg concentrations. 相似文献
140.
Marco O. Bertelli Luis Salvador‐Carulla Daniela Scuticchio Niccolò Varrucciu Rafael Martinez‐Leal Sally‐Ann Cooper Rune J. Simeonsson Shoumitro Deb Germain Weber Rex Jung Kerim Munir Colleen Adnams Leyla Akoury‐Dirani Satish Chandra Girimaji Gregorio Katz Henry Kwok Carolyn Walsh 《World psychiatry》2014,13(1):93-94