Phenology of the rhodomelarian algae Neorhodomela aculeata and Ceramium kondoi and their survival strategies against herbivorous snails

The seasonal growth and reproductive phenology of Neorhodomela aculeata (Perestenko) Masuda and Ceramium kondoi Yendo, and the food preferences of herbivorous snails were examined to elucidate (i) why snails select the fronds of N. aculeata for their habitat; and (ii) the survival strategies of the two red algae under grazing pressures. The maximal lengths and weights of both algal species were recorded for each season over a 12‐month period beginning with the spring of 2003. C. kondoi grew in length at a faster rate than N. aculeate, whereas the turf alga N. aculeata produced new branches from the tips of broken branches. The reproductive period of C. kondoi was between the spring and summer but the reproductive organs of N. aculeata were observed throughout the year. The algal loss rate of fresh N. aculeata to snails was low but snails had a food preference for N. aculeata when compared to C. kondoi in an artificial food experiment. These results indicate that snails may adapt to chemical compounds characteristic of N. aculeata and that the alga further reduces predation damage by its structural resistance. In conclusion, the survival strategies of C. kondoi appear to be rapid growth, seasonal sexual reproduction, and a delicately branched frond morphology that reduces stable feeding patterns of its predators plus high tissue nitrogen content, whereas the survival strategy of N. aculeata includes regenerative growth responses, structural toughness and chemical defenses while under the grazing pressure of herbivorous snails.     

The Drosophila caspase Ice is important for many apoptotic cell deaths and for spermatid individualization, a nonapoptotic process

Caspase family proteases play important roles in the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Initiator caspases are activated in response to death stimuli, and they transduce and amplify these signals by cleaving and thereby activating effector caspases. In Drosophila, the initiator caspase Nc (previously Dronc) cleaves and activates two short-prodomain caspases, Dcp-1 and Ice (previously Drice), suggesting these as candidate effectors of Nc killing activity. dcp-1-null mutants are healthy and possess few defects in normally occurring cell death. To explore roles for Ice in cell death, we generated and characterized an Ice null mutant. Animals lacking Ice show a number of defects in cell death, including those that occur during embryonic development, as well as during formation of adult eyes, arista and wings. Ice mutants exhibit subtle defects in the destruction of larval tissues, and do not prevent destruction of salivary glands during metamorphosis. Cells from Ice animals are also markedly resistant to several stresses, including X-irradiation and inhibition of protein synthesis. Mutations in Ice also suppress cell death that is induced by expression of Rpr, Wrinkled (previously Hid) and Grim. These observations demonstrate that Ice plays an important non-redundant role as a cell death effector. Finally, we demonstrate that Ice participates in, but is not absolutely required for, the non-apoptotic process of spermatid differentiation.     

Induction of endothelial apoptosis by 4-hydroxyhexenal.

Lipid peroxidation and its products such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-hydroxyhexenal (HHE) are known to affect redox balance during aging and various degenerative processes, including vascular dysfunction. Deterioration of the endothelial cells that line the vascular wall is known to be an underlying cause of vascular dysfunction. At present, little is known about the mechanism by which HHE induces endothelial cell death (i.e. apoptosis), although HNE-induced apoptotic cell death has been reported. The aim of this study was to determine whether apoptosis induced by HHE in endothelial cells involves peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). Our results show that in endothelial cells HHE triggers apoptotic cell death by inducing apoptotic Bax coupled with a decrease in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Results show that HHE induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, and ONOO(-) generation, leading to redox imbalance. Furthermore, the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine, ROS scavenger, and penicillamine, an ONOO(-) scavenger, were found to block HHE-mediated apoptosis. We used confocal laser microscopy to estimate the ability of these inhibitors to attenuate HHE-induced intracellular ONOO(-) levels thus confirming the oxidative mediation of apoptosis in endothelial cells. These findings strongly suggest that accumulated HHE triggers reactive species-mediated endothelial apoptosis, leading to vascular dysfunction as well as vascular aging. During aging, increased lipid peroxidation and its associated production of HHE may exacerbate the weakened redox balance, leading to various chronic degenerative processes including vascular dysfunction.     

Three MTP Transporters Sequestrate Zn in Sedum alfredii Hance

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - Hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) of Sedum alfredii Hance is a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator, which can accumulate Zn in shoot up to 2% of dry weight, understanding the...     

Novel antimicrobial peptides from the venom of the eusocial bee Halictus sexcinctus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) and their analogs

Two novel antimicrobial peptides, named halictines, were isolated from the venom of the eusocial bee Halictus sexcinctus. Their primary sequences were established by ESI-QTOF mass spectrometry, Edman degradation and enzymatic digestion as Gly-Met-Trp-Ser-Lys-Ile-Leu-Gly-His-Leu-Ile-Arg-NH₂ (HAL-1), and Gly-Lys-Trp-Met-Ser-Leu-Leu-Lys–His-Ile-Leu-Lys-NH₂ (HAL-2). Both peptides exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but also noticeable hemolytic activity. The CD spectra of HAL-1 and HAL-2 measured in the presence of trifluoroethanol or SDS showed ability to form an amphipathic α-helical secondary structure in an anisotropic environment such as bacterial cell membrane. NMR spectra of HAL-1 and HAL-2 measured in trifluoroethanol/water confirmed formation of helical conformation in both peptides with a slightly higher helical propensity in HAL-1. Altogether, we prepared 51 of HAL-1 and HAL-2 analogs to study the effect of such structural parameters as cationicity, hydrophobicity, α-helicity, amphipathicity, and truncation on antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. The potentially most promising analogs in both series are those with increased net positive charge, in which the suitable amino acid residues were replaced by Lys. This improvement basically relates to the increase of antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to the mitigation of hemolytic activity.     

Fine Epitope Mapping of the Central Immunodominant Region of Nucleoprotein from Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV)

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a severe viral disease known to have occurred in over 30 countries and distinct regions, is caused by the tick-borne CCHF virus (CCHFV). Nucleocapsid protein (NP), which is encoded by the S gene, is the primary antigen detectable in infected cells. The goal of the present study was to map the minimal motifs of B-cell epitopes (BCEs) on NP. Five precise BCEs (E1, ²⁴⁷FDEAKK²⁵²; E2a, ²⁵⁴VEAL²⁵⁷; E2b, ²⁵⁸NGYLNKH²⁶⁴; E3, ²⁶⁷EVDKA²⁷¹; and E4, ²⁷⁴DSMITN²⁷⁹) identified through the use of rabbit antiserum, and one BCE (E5, ²⁵⁸NGYL²⁶¹) recognized using a mouse monoclonal antibody, were confirmed to be within the central region of NP and were partially represented among the predicted epitopes. Notably, the five BCEs identified using the rabbit sera were able to react with positive serum mixtures from five sheep which had been infected naturally with CCHFV. The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) revealed high conservation of the identified BCEs among ten CCHFV strains from different areas. Interestingly, the identified BCEs with only one residue variation can apparently be recognized by the positive sera of sheep naturally infected with CCHFV. Computer-generated three-dimensional structural models indicated that all the antigenic motifs are located on the surface of the NP stalk domain. This report represents the first identification and mapping of the minimal BCEs of CCHFV-NP along with an analysis of their primary and structural properties. Our identification of the minimal linear BCEs of CCHFV-NP may provide fundamental data for developing rapid diagnostic reagents and illuminating the pathogenic mechanism of CCHFV.     

Human rhinovirus C infection is associated with asthma in children determined by xTAG respiratory viral panel FAST

<正>Dear Editor,Cumulative evidence supports the role of early-life viral infections,especially respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)and human rhinovirus(HRV),as major antecedents of childhood asthma(Lemanske,2002;Jackson et al.,2008).In this study,the x TAG respiratory viral panel FAST(RVP FAST)assay,a multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-based method(Arens et al.,2010;BaladaLlasat et al.,2011;Gharabaghi et al.,2011;Selvaraju,2012),was used to investigate the association of infec-     

Metabolic changes associated with bud break induced by thidiazuron

Bud break in apple (Golden Delicious,Malus domestica Borkh) was induced by thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N-1,2,3-thidiazol-5-ylurea). In control and thidiazuron-treated shoots, higher amounts of soluble carbohydrates (sorbitol, fructose, glucose, sucrose) and galacturonic acid were found in the phloem, but higher amounts of starch and cell wall polysaccharides, including cellulose and xylose, were found in the xylem. A decrease in soluble carbohydrates and starch in both phloem and xylem was associated with induction of bud break by thidiazuron. However, little change in cell wall polysaccharides was found. Total carbohydrates were higher in the upper than in the lower portion of shoots. The breaking of dormancy by thidiazuron was also associated with an increase in organic acid content and respiration in buds. KCN inhibited bud respiration during all stages of development. Organic acid content was inversely related to carbohydrate content in developing buds. Axes contained more carbohydrates and organic acids than did scales.     

Expression of HLA-DR antigens on tumour cells does not contribute to skin reactivity to autologous cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS)-treated tumour cells in patients with metastatic melanoma

Summary Skin tests with autologous cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS)-treated and untreated cells were performed in ten metastatic melanoma patients. In the majority of cases evident reaction was noted with CHS-treated cells (9/10) while the reaction with untreated cells was mostly negative (7/10). Tumour cell suspensions used for skin tests were characterized for reactivity with monoclonal antibody TAL 1B5 detecting the HLA-DR alpha chain. There were no differences between CHS-treated and untreated cells with respect to HLA-DR expression and no correlation was found between grade of skin reaction to CHS-treated cells and the proportion of HLA-DR positive cells in the injected cell sample.     

Multiscale simulations of protein folding: application to formation of secondary structures

A multiscale simulation method of protein folding is proposed, using atomic representation of protein and solvent, combing genetic algorithms to determine the key protein structures from a global view, with molecular dynamic simulations to reveal the local folding pathways, thus providing an integrated landscape of protein folding. The method is found to be superior to previously investigated global search algorithms or dynamic simulations alone. For secondary structure formation of a selected peptide, RN24, the structures and dynamics produced by this method agree well with corresponding experimental results. Three most populated conformations are observed, including hairpin, β-sheet and α-helix. The energetic barriers separating these three structures are comparable to the kinetic energy of the atoms of the peptide, implying that the transition between these states can be easily triggered by kinetic perturbations, mainly through electrostatic interactions between charged atoms. Transitions between α-helix and β-sheet should jump over at least two energy barriers and may stay in the energetic trap of hairpin. It is proposed that the structure of proteins should be jointly governed by thermodynamic and dynamic factors; free energy is not the exclusive dominant for stability of proteins.