Achieving light harvesting is crucial for the efficiency of the solar cell. Constructing optical structures often can benefit from micro‐nanophotonic imprinting. Here, a simple and facile strategy is developed to introduce a large area grating structure into the perovskite‐active layer of a solar cell by utilizing commercial optical discs (CD‐R and DVD‐R) and achieve high photovoltaic performance. The constructed diffraction grating on the perovskite active layer realizes nanophotonic light trapping by diffraction and effectively suppresses carrier recombination. Compared to the pristine perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the diffraction‐grating perovskite devices with DVD obtain higher power conversion efficiency and photocurrent density, which are improved from 16.71% and 21.67 mA cm?2 to 19.71% and 23.11 mA cm?2. Moreover, the stability of the PSCs with diffraction‐grating‐structured perovskite active layer is greatly enhanced. The method can boost photonics merge into the remarkable perovskite materials for various applications. 相似文献
Rational design and massive production of bifunctional catalysts with superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities are essential for developing metal–air batteries and fuel cells. Herein, controllable large‐scale synthesis of sulfur‐doped CaMnO3 nanotubes is demonstrated via an electrospinning technique followed by calcination and sulfurization treatment. The sulfur doping can not only replace oxygen atoms to increase intrinsic electrical conductivity but also introduce abundant oxygen vacancies to provide enough catalytically active sites, which is further demonstrated by density functional theory calculation. The resulting sulfur‐modified CaMnO3 (CMO/S) exhibits better electrocatalytic activity for ORR and OER in alkaline solution with higher stability performance than the pristine CMO. These results highlight the importance of sulfur treatment as a facile yet effective strategy to improve the ORR and OER catalytic activity of the pristine CaMnO3. As a proof‐of‐concept, a rechargeable Zn–air battery using the bifunctional catalyst exhibits a small charge–discharge voltage polarization, and long cycling life. Furthermore, a solid‐state flexible and rechargeable Zn–air battery gives superior discharge–charge performance and remarkable stability. Therefore, the CMO/S nanotubes might be a promising replacement to the Pt‐based electrocatalysts for metal–air batteries and fuel cells. 相似文献
Nanobodies (or variable domain of the heavy chain of the heavy-chain antibodies, VHHs) are single-domain antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy chain antibodies. Their comparatively small size, monomeric behavior, high stability, high solubility, and ability to bind epitopes inaccessible to conventional antibodies make them especially suitable for many therapeutic and biotechnological applications. In this paper, for the first time, we created the immunized Camelus Bactrianus VHH yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library according to the Clontech Mate & Plate library construction system. The transformation efficiency and titer of the VHH Y2H library were 7.26×106 cfu/3 µg and 2×109 cfu/ml, which met the demand for Y2H library screening. Using as an example the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Cap protein as bait, we screened 21 positive Cap-specific VHH sequences. Among these sequences, 7 of 9 randomly selected clones were strongly positive as indicated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, either using PCV2 viral lysis or purified Cap protein as coated antigen. Additionally, the immunocytochemistry results further indicated that the screened VHHs could specifically detected PCV2 in the infected cells. All this suggests the feasibility of in vivo VHH throughput screening based on Y2H strategy. 相似文献
Apoptosis is an important aspect of a number of biological processes, from embryogenesis to the stress–injury response. It plays a central role in balancing cell proliferation and tissue remodeling activity in many organisms. In the present study, apoptosis in 14 days post infection schistosomula was evaluated using TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) assays and DAPI staining. Additionally, flow cytometry using the Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) (Annexin V/PI) assay confirmed the percentage of early apoptotic, late apoptotic, and necrotic cells in 14 and 23 days post infection worms. Conserved Domain Database (CDD) BLAST analysis and alignment analysis of known schistosome proteins demonstrated the feasibility of detecting the activity of caspase-3 and -7 using the caspase-3/7 Glo analysis assay. Analysis of caspase-3 and -7 activities in schistosome demonstrated that both caspases were active in each developmental stage of Schistosoma japonicum, but was highest in the 14 days post infection schistosomula. Additionally, the caspase peptide inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) inhibited the caspase-3/7 activity at all developmental stages examined. Therefore, we hypothesized that two main signaling pathways are involved in apoptosis in S. japonicum, the caspase cascade and the mitochondrial-initiated pathway. We have constructed a model of these two pathways, including how they may interact and their biological outcomes. qRT-PCR analyses of the gene expression profiles of apoptosis-related genes supported our hypothesis of the relationship between the apoptotic pathway and parasite development. The data presented here demonstrates that apoptosis is an important biological process for the survival and development of the schistosome, and identifies potential novel therapeutic targets. 相似文献
Ferroptosis is a novel form of regulated cell death involved in the pathophysiological process of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but how neuronal ferroptosis occurs remains unknown. In this study, we report that SAH-induced ferroptosis is macroautophagy/autophagy dependent because the inhibition of autophagy by knocking out autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) apparently mitigated SAH-induced ferroptosis. We created an experimental SAH model in Sprague–Dawley rats to determine the possible mechanism. We found that SAH can trigger neuronal ferroptosis, as evidenced by the disruption of iron homeostasis, elevation of intracellular lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased expression of ferroptosis–protective proteins. Then, we inhibited autophagy by ATG5 gene knockout, showing that autophagy inhibition can reduce the intracellular iron level and LPO, improve the expression of ferroptosis–protective proteins, and subsequently alleviate SAH-induced cell death. Additionally, autophagy inhibition also attenuated SAH prognostic indicators, such as brain edema, blood–brain barrier permeability, and neurological deficits. These findings not only present an opinion that SAH triggers neuronal ferroptosis via activation of ferritinophagy but also indicate that regulating ferritinophagy and maintaining iron homeostasis could provide clues for the prevention of early brain injury.
A Gram-stain-negative, wheat, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore forming, and facultatively anaerobic bacterium strain, designated as PIT, was isolated from saline silt samples collected in saltern in Yantai, Shandong, China. Growth was observed within the ranges 4–45 °C (optimally at 33 °C), pH 6.0–9.0 (optimally at pH 7.0) and 1.0–11.0% NaCl (optimally at 3.0%, w/v). Strain PIT showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Kangiella sediminilitoris BB-Mw22T (98.3%) and Kangiella taiwanensis KT1T (98.3%). The major cellular fatty acids (>?10% of the total fatty acids) were iso-C15:0 (52.7%) and summed featured 9 (iso-C17:1ω9c/C16:0 10-methyl, 11.8%). The major polar lipids identified were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major respiratory isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The G?+?C content of the genomic DNA was 45.8%. Average Nucleotide Identity values between whole genome sequences of strain PIT and next related type strains supported the novel species status. Based on physiological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic characteristics and genomic analysis, strain PIT is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Kangiella, for which the name Kangiella shandongensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PIT (=?KCTC 82509 T?=?MCCC 1K04352T).
A crude lipase, Newlase F, was used to remove C-terminal protecting groups from dipeptide esters. Hydrolysis of dipeptide n-heptyl esters with Newlase F was conducted in aqueous media containing acetonitrile. The optimum pH and temperature of lipase in Newlase F were 7.0 and 30 °C, respectively. Low level acetonitrile promoted the hydrolysis of dipeptide n-heptyl esters, while high level acetonitrile inhibited the hydrolysis. However, the protease activity in Newlase F was significantly inhibited by acetonitrile. Lipase in Newlase F worked better in a medium containing water-miscible organic solvents than in water-immiscible ones. N-terminal protecting groups were not affected by the protease in the crude enzyme. It was found that the protease in Newlase F did not hydrolyze amide bond with hydrophilic amino acids on either side under these conditions (pH 7.0, room temperature). Newlase F may consequently be used widely in the synthesis of peptide conjugates. The crude enzyme was immobilized on SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieve. The lipase activity of immobilized preparation was more active on hydrolysis of C-terminal protecting groups and stable than the free enzyme. The immobilization also reduced the protease activity. 相似文献