HPLC测定灵芝子实体水提物及相关产品中三萜的含量

灵芝药品大多以灵芝子实体水提物为原料,为快速准确测定灵芝子实体水提物及相关产品中三萜的含量,建立了具有较好分离效果的HPLC分析测定方法。通过优化色谱柱和洗脱条件,优选出Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-乙酸水溶液(0.01%)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长252 nm,柱温30℃,该条件下灵芝酸A、灵芝酸F等10种灵芝酸得到较好的分离。方法学考察显示该分析方法精密度、重复性、稳定性和加样回收率的RSD值均小于5%,可以用于灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸G、灵芝烯酸B、灵芝酸B等10种灵芝酸的定量检测。通过对灵芝子实体原料、水提物和市售灵芝产品中10种三萜类成分分析发现,灵芝子实体水提物中均含有这10种三萜,含量为2.52%–6.83%,较子实体原料大幅提高,市售的灵芝产品中的三萜含量为0.27%–0.84%。该方法的建立为灵芝水提物及其产品质量标准的建立奠定基础。     

Attention allocation on mobile app interfaces when human interacts with them

With the popularity of smartphones and the pervasion of mobile apps, people spend more and more time to interact with a diversity of apps on their smartphones, especially for young population. This raises a question: how people allocate attention to interfaces of apps during using them. To address this question, we, in this study, designed an experiment with two sessions (i.e., Session1: browsing original interfaces; Session 2: browsing interfaces after removal of colors and background) integrating with an eyetracking system. Attention fixation durations were recorded by an eye-tracker while participants browsed app interfaces. The whole screen of smartphone was divided into four even regions to explore fixation durations. The results revealed that participants gave significantly longer total fixation duration on the bottom left region compared to other regions in the session (1) Longer total fixation duration on the bottom was preserved, but there is no significant difference between left side and right side in the session2. Similar to the finding of total fixation duration, first fixation duration is also predominantly paid on the bottom area of the interface. Moreover, the skill in the use of mobile phone was quantified by assessing familiarity and accuracy of phone operation and was investigated in the association with the fixation durations. We found that first fixation duration of the bottom left region is significantly negatively correlated with the smartphone operation level in the session 1, but there is no significant correlation between them in the session (2) According to the results of ratio exploration, the ratio of the first fixation duration to the total fixation duration is not significantly different between areas of interest for both sessions. The findings of this study provide insights into the attention allocation during browsing app interfaces and are of implications on the design of app interfaces and advertisements as layout can be optimized according to the attention allocation to maximally deliver information.     

A secreted ribonuclease effector from Verticillium dahliae localizes in the plant nucleus to modulate host immunity

The arms race between fungal pathogens and plant hosts involves recognition of fungal effectors to induce host immunity. Although various fungal effectors have been identified, the effector functions of ribonucleases are largely unknown. Herein, we identified a ribonuclease secreted by Verticillium dahliae (VdRTX1) that translocates into the plant nucleus to modulate immunity. The activity of VdRTX1 causes hypersensitive response (HR)‐related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and cotton. VdRTX1 possesses a signal peptide but is unlikely to be an apoplastic effector because its nuclear localization in the plant is necessary for cell death induction. Knockout of VdRTX1 significantly enhanced V. dahliae virulence on tobacco while V. dahliae employs the known suppressor VdCBM1 to escape the immunity induced by VdRTX1. VdRTX1 homologs are widely distributed in fungi but transient expression of 24 homologs from other fungi did not yield cell death induction, suggesting that this function is specific to the VdRTX1 in V. dahliae. Expression of site‐directed mutants of VdRTX1 in N. benthamiana leaves revealed conserved ligand‐binding sites that are important for VdRTX1 function in inducing cell death. Thus, VdRTX1 functions as a unique HR‐inducing effector in V. dahliae that contributes to the activation of plant immunity.     

三江平原湿地生态风险评价及空间阈值分析

湿地生态风险评价对区域自然资源保护及规划管理具有重要意义。以三江平原湿地为研究区域,基于2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年4期土地利用数据,以城市扩张导致的土地利用变化、道路建设等人类活动为风险源,景观生态格局、生态系统服务价值为风险受体构建了三江平原湿地生态风险综合评价体系,分析三江平原湿地生态风险时空变化特征。进而,利用距离阈值确定空间距离权重,采用双变量空间自相关模型揭示了不同时间尺度下生态风险的空间集聚分布特征。结果显示：从风险源角度,人类活动风险源强度呈增加趋势,松花江、穆棱河、倭肯河地区一直处于中高风险水平;从风险受体角度,景观生态风险的中高风险地区重点集中在湿地与水体分布区,生态系统服务低价值区主要分布在中部水田、旱田、建设用地以及东北部与东南小范围的湿地区域。综合生态风险结果显示,三江平原生态风险在时间上呈增加趋势,空间上由松花江河滩型湿地区与穆棱河地区逐渐向四周蔓延。此外,生态风险的强弱受到空间距离的影响显著,选取5km为自相关分析的距离阈值,土地利用与综合生态风险的空间格局存在显著的空间正相关关系,高-高地区集中分布在研究区内的松花江流域及周围滩地地区,随着土地利用变化及转移,空间关联逐渐增强且区域分布不断扩大。研究结果可从人类活动控制、景观格局优化、生态服务价值提升等方面为三江平原生态风险防控分区管理提供理论依据。     

青少年痤疮面部皮肤微生物群落结构变化

【背景】青少年痤疮是一种最常见的慢性炎症性损容性皮肤病,与痤疮丙酸杆菌的异常增殖有关。【目的】探究痤疮皮损区与附近无明显皮损区微生物组成与健康对照的差异,为从微生态角度防治痤疮提供理论基础。【方法】利用细菌16S rRNA基因V1-V2区和真菌TIS1高通量测序技术分析北京地区16岁青少年面部痤疮皮肤细菌和真菌群落结构,将痤疮皮损区与附近无明显皮损区微生物组成与健康组进行比较,寻找差异菌群。【结果】痤疮患者面部皮损区与附近无明显皮损区细菌多样性(Shannon指数)较健康对照组显著性降低(P0.001),主要与丙酸杆菌(痤疮丙酸杆菌)和葡萄球菌(表皮葡萄球菌PM221)显著性上升相关,而痤疮皮损区与附近未明显皮损区细菌组成无显著性差异。痤疮患者皮损区与附近无明显皮损区较健康对照组真菌丰富度(Chao1指数)显著性上升(P0.05),与限制性马拉色菌的显著上升相关。【结论】面部皮肤微生物变化与青少年痤疮的发生相关。本研究为从微生物角度防治痤疮提供理论依据。     

落羽杉根系有机酸与NSC代谢对三峡消落带水位变化的响应

为探究三峡库区消落带水位变化下落羽杉根系有机酸和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的响应特征,以适生木本植物落羽杉为对象,在消落带原位环境中设置对照-SS(海拔175 m,试验期间无水淹)、MS(海拔170 m,中度水淹胁迫)和DS(海拔165 m,深度水淹胁迫)3个处理,分别于海拔170 m和165 m退水时采集样品,测定并分析根系有机酸和NSC的变化。结果表明:(1)库区水淹对落羽杉基径无显著影响,仅有DS组明显抑制了高生长,落羽杉生长能较积极地响应库区水淹。(2)库区水淹对落羽杉侧根和总根有机酸的影响一致,侧根有机酸代谢作用优于主根。与SS组相比,MS组根系有机酸含量增高,DS组根系有机酸含量降低,除部分根系酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸变化达到显著水平外,其余有机酸均无显著变化。(3)库区不同强度水淹对落羽杉根系NSC有不同程度的影响。与SS组相比,MS组可溶性糖无显著变化,淀粉、NSC含量显著增加,但总根NSC在水淹前与水淹后无明显差异;形成鲜明对比的是,DS组显著降低了可溶性糖、NSC含量,对淀粉无显著影响,且水淹后总根NSC显著低于水淹前。(4)相关分析表明,主根、总根草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸及侧根、总根莽草酸分别与淀粉、NSC间表现出显著相关性(P0.05)。研究结果表明,在三峡库区消落带水淹胁迫下,落羽杉根系有机酸与NSC代谢联系紧密。通过维持一定的根系淀粉含量,保持植株正常的有机酸代谢水平,较好地适应三峡库区消落带生境。     

TCA循环中间产物对酿酒酵母胞内代谢关键酶活性的影响

对酿酒酵母在添加苹果酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸的混合培养基与其在YEPD培养基中胞内丙酮酸激酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、乙醇脱氢酶的酶活力差异进行了对比分析。结果表明:添加苹果酸使胞内丙酮酸激酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、乙醇脱氢酶的酶活分别下降34.82%、57.23%、39.15%、12.10%;添加柠檬酸使胞内丙酮酸激酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶的酶活分别下降50.17%、42.20%、48.40%;添加琥珀酸使胞内丙酮酸激酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、乙醇脱氢酶的酶活分别下降34.16%、34.16%、50.87%、50.87%、12.37%。丙酮酸激酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶对3种有机酸的耐受性较差,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、乙醇脱氢酶对3种有机酸的耐受具有选择性。     

一株沙门氏菌拮抗菌的筛选及其在污染土壤原位修复中的应用

利用无菌滤纸片平板法从沙门氏菌(Salmonella)污染土壤中筛选到一株有效拮抗沙门氏菌的细菌A45,通过形态学、革兰氏染色和16SrDNA序列同源性分析鉴定为产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes sp.)。温室土培试验和田间原位试验结果都发现,利用该菌株制备的沙门氏菌拮抗菌剂能显著降低土壤中沙门氏菌数量(P0.05),与对照相比土壤中沙门氏菌数量下降2-3个数量级,表明该拮抗细菌可应用于沙门氏菌污染土壤的修复。