甘油二酯激酶α在结直肠癌中的表达及其与PKC、TNFα的相关性

目的探讨甘油二酯激酶α(DGKα)在结直肠癌中的表达及其与蛋白激酶C(PKC)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)表达的相关性。方法应用免疫组化方法检测DGKα、PKC和TNFα在48例结直肠癌、癌旁正常组织和9例腺瘤性息肉中的表达。结果 DGKα在结直肠癌组织和癌旁正常组织有表达,结直肠癌组织中DGKα阳性表达率(79.2%)显著高于腺瘤性息肉(阴性)和癌旁正常组织(33.3%,P0.05);PKC主要分布在结直肠癌和癌旁正常组织中,结直肠癌组织中PKC阳性表达率(35.4%)显著高于腺瘤性息肉(阴性),与癌旁正常组织(20.8%)相比无显著性差异(P0.05);TNFα在三种组织中均表达阳性,结直肠癌组织中TNFα阳性表达率(95.8%)显著高于腺瘤性息肉(55.6%,P0.05),与癌旁正常组织(87.5%)相比无显著性差异(P0.05);结直肠癌组织中,DGKα与PKC的表达呈负相关(r=-0.437,P0.05),与TNFα的表达没有相关性(r=0.185,P0.05)。结论DGKα在结直肠癌组织中的表达高于腺瘤性息肉,DGKα可能抑制了PKC的活性,但对TNFα没有明显的抑制作用,在临床病理鉴别诊断中有辅助价值。     

变形链球菌UA159及其基因缺陷菌生长特性变化的初步研究

目的探讨变形链球菌密度信号系统相关基因缺陷后其生长特性的变化情况。方法分别配制BHI液体培养基,含2%葡萄糖的BHI液体培养基,含2%蔗糖的BHI液体培养基,然后将细菌接种于上述3个营养环境中生长,采用722S型可见光分光光度计,进行细菌生长曲线的测定。结果在3种不同的营养环境中,变形链球菌UA159△ComD基因缺陷菌株的生长速度最快,变形链球菌UA159菌株变形链球菌UA159△LuxS基因变异株次之,变形链球菌UA159野生菌株最慢。结论在本实验中,无论那种密度感应信号系统被阻断后,均会影响变形链球菌的生长。     

Ti2448合金种植体表面不同纳米管径生物活性膜对成骨细胞早期黏附的影响

观察Ti2448合金表面不同纳米管径生物活性膜对成骨细胞早期黏附的影响,筛选出能够抵抗细菌在种植体表面黏附和定植的最适管径,为研制开发具有抗菌性能的种植体提供实验基础。采用阳极氧化法,设定不同氧化电压,在Ti2448合金表面生成具有不同纳米管径的生物活性膜。通过MTT实验检测不同管径纳米管表面在不同时间点黏附的MG-63细胞数量差异;通过免疫荧光法观察接种24h后不同管径纳米管表面黏附细胞形态学差异。结果显示,细胞接种3h和24h后,30nm组的OD值显著高于对照组及其他实验组(P0.05);随着纳米管径的增加,细胞骨架蛋白的铺展范围逐渐减小,细胞由多角形渐变为梭形、椭圆形、圆形。研究结果表明,30nm管径生物活性膜更有利于成骨细胞的早期黏附,可能更能抵抗细菌在钛种植体上的黏附与定植。     

人参皂苷抗衰老机制的研究进展

人参皂苷的抗衰老作用被认为是人参皂苷的重要作用之一。人参皂苷主要通过四种途径实现其抗衰老功能:通过提高机体内SOD、CAT、GSH2Px活性,诱导SOD、CAT基因表达,减少LPO、MDA含量等实现其抗衰老作用;通过促进神经递质释放、增加神经递质传递者(Ach)含量、促进NBM神经元TrkB mRNA表达、阻止神经原产生过量硝酸盐等实现其抗衰老功能;通过免疫系统在细胞和分子水平上的适度调节延缓衰老;人参皂苷亦能通过影响细胞周期调控因子、衰老基因表达,延长端粒长度、增强端粒酶活性等来实现其抗衰老功能。人参皂苷抗衰老的更完善和更深入的分子作用机制研究将成为未来研究的重点之一。     

海南普通野生稻稻瘟病的抗性鉴定与评价

在苗期应用自然诱发鉴定法对海南普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogonGriff.)41个居群的410份材料进行了2年的稻瘟病(rice blast)抗性鉴定,结果表明:经过初鉴和复鉴,410份海南普通野生稻中有21份表现高抗,占5.1%,117份表现抗,占28.5%,说明海南普通野生稻具有较好的稻瘟病抗性。     

在笼型蛋白和脂筏介导的两种内吞途径中nephrin的磷酸化修饰动力学不同

研究肾小球裂隙膜的主要成分nephrin分子在细胞内的转运途径及不同转运途径对nephrin磷酸化的影响.分别应用笼型蛋白介导的内吞(clathrin-mediated endocytosis,CME)和脂筏介导的内吞(raft-mediated endocytosis,RME)标记物转铁蛋白和霍乱毒素B亚基对nephrin的内吞过程进行分析,并进一步应用两种内吞途径阻断物EPS15Δ和Dyn2aK44A,研究阻断nephrin的内吞途径对其磷酸化水平的影响.结果显示,nephrin通过笼型蛋白和脂筏介导的两种内吞途径以不同速率进行内吞;与Src酪氨酸激酶家族成员Fyn共表达时,细胞内nephrin酪氨酸磷酸化被增强,而在Src家族激酶抑制剂PP2的作用下,nephrin酪氨酸磷酸化被减弱,表明nephrin的磷酸化过程是Fyn依赖的;内吞20min时,笼型蛋白介导的内吞途径的特异性阻断物EPS15Δ降低了nephrin磷酸化水平、笼型蛋白和脂筏介导的内吞途径的通用抑制剂Dyn2aK44A则增加了nephrin的磷酸化水平,综上结果表明:单独阻断脂筏介导的内吞可引起nephrin的磷酸化水平增加,脂筏介导的内吞对nephrin磷酸化过程起下调作用.     

利用RT-PCR技术验证基于小鼠外显子芯片发现的缺血相关基因的表达

目的:利用RT-PCR技术验证并确认基于小鼠外显子芯片发现的部分缺血相关基因的表达,以鉴定候选基因的外显子是否发生可变剪接,从而实现对外显子芯片结果的鉴定。方法:根据生物信息学分析结果,选取小鼠外显子芯片中的3个基因(Ube3c,6330439K17Rik,Atp7a),在预测发生可变剪接的外显子两侧设计上下游引物,PCR后进行凝胶回收,再克隆到载体中进行测序。结果:RT-PCR及测序结果表明,Ube3c基因在6号外显子、6330439K17Rik基因在12号外显子、Atp7a基因在3号外显子发生可变剪接,与芯片预测结果一致。结论:RT-PCR技术可针对外显子芯片的结果进行可靠性验证,为可变剪接基因表达研究提供了一种有效手段。     

Structure,Receptor Binding,and Antigenicity of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinins from the 1957 H2N2 Pandemic

The hemagglutinin (HA) envelope protein of influenza viruses mediates essential viral functions, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, and is the major viral antigen for antibody neutralization. The 1957 H2N2 subtype (Asian flu) was one of the three great influenza pandemics of the last century and caused 1 million deaths globally from 1957 to 1968. Three crystal structures of 1957 H2 HAs have been determined at 1.60 to 1.75 Å resolutions to investigate the structural basis for their antigenicity and evolution from avian to human binding specificity that contributed to its introduction into the human population. These structures, which represent the highest resolutions yet recorded for a complete ectodomain of a glycosylated viral surface antigen, along with the results of glycan microarray binding analysis, suggest that a hydrophobicity switch at residue 226 and elongation of receptor-binding sites were both critical for avian H2 HA to acquire human receptor specificity. H2 influenza viruses continue to circulate in birds and pigs and, therefore, remain a substantial threat for transmission to humans. The H2 HA structure also reveals a highly conserved epitope that could be harnessed in the design of a broader and more universal influenza A virus vaccine.Influenza (flu) is an infection of the respiratory tract that affects millions of people every year. In addition to the seasonal toll, three flu pandemics in the past century caused millions of deaths worldwide in relatively short time periods (27). In April 2009, a novel strain of influenza A virus H1N1 (S-OIV) with swine origin emerged in North America and has become the first influenza pandemic in 4 decades. To date, this new H1N1 pandemic has spread globally and caused at least 7,800 deaths (World Health Organization, http://www.who.int).Hemagglutinin (HA) is the major surface envelope glycoprotein on influenza virus, and responsible for essential viral functions, such as binding to host receptors, viral entry, and membrane fusion (31). A key factor that determines the host range, restriction, and transmission of influenza virus is the specificity of HA for binding glycan receptors comprising terminal sialic acids linked to a vicinal galactose residue. HAs in avian viruses are specific for sialic acids with an α2,3-linkage, whereas in humans, the specificity is for sialic acids with an α2,6-linkage (Fig. ​(Fig.1a).1a). This simple linkage difference likely contributes to the inability of most avian influenza viruses to become established and transmit in the human population (26). Influenza pandemics in humans are generally associated with nonhuman viruses of novel antigenicity acquiring specificity for human receptors. HA is also the principal antigen of influenza viruses and the main target for neutralizing antibodies.Open in a separate windowFIG. 1.Crystal structure of H2 HA. (a) Chemical structures of α2,3- and α2,6-linked glycans, with the terminal sialic acid and galactose shown here. (b) Overview of the 1957 H2 trimer. One of the monomers is highlighted in green (HA1) and blue (HA2), respectively. Five potential glycosylation sites are found on each monomer (as labeled). Glycans in the density map are shown in orange. (c) Receptor binding site of H2. Residues involved in receptor binding, as suggested by the H3 structures, are shown in sticks. Aromatic residues comprising the base of the binding site are absolutely conserved in various HA subtypes. Residues from the 220 loop and position 190 are critical for the receptor specificity switch in H1, H2, and H3.Although future influenza pandemics seem inevitable, predicting the potential HA subtypes that will emerge remains a daunting task (41). To date, 16 HA subtypes have been identified and classified based on their antigenic properties (1). Theoretically, all influenza viruses new to the immune system of the human population today possess the potential to initiate a flu pandemic if their ability to enter human cells and transmit efficiently evolves. Historically, however, only viruses of three HA subtypes have acquired the ability to efficiently transmit from human to human, and these were responsible for the influenza pandemics of the last century: 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2), 1968 (H3N2), and 2009 (H1N1). In recent years, viruses of other HA subtypes (H5, H7, and H9) of avian origin have infected humans in sporadic cases and occasionally with very high mortality, such as H5N1 (2, 4, 10). A key barrier to avian flu becoming a human pandemic is its inefficient human-to-human transmission, which requires a switch of receptor specificity from α2,3- to α2,6-linked receptors. Although the H2 subtype has disappeared from the human population since 1968, it has reemerged in swine in the United States (19). Preparedness for future pandemics can be best addressed by rigorous characterization of the HA subtypes that have already caused pandemics, as well as development of therapeutic reagents that broadly target multiple influenza subtypes.Here, we present three crystal structures of human H2 HA from the 1957 pandemic at resolutions of 1.60, 1.73, and 1.75 Å. These structures, which differ only by one or two residues in the receptor-binding site, represent the evolution of binding specificity for human-like receptors of avian origin during the 1957 H2N2 pandemic. Structural comparisons among the structures, along with glycan array binding studies, have shed new light on the requirements for avian H2 HA to adapt for human transmission.     

Genome-wide Reinforcement of Cohesin Binding at Pre-existing Cohesin Sites in Response to Ionizing Radiation in Human Cells

The cohesin complex plays a central role in genome maintenance by regulation of chromosome segregation in mitosis and DNA damage response (DDR) in other phases of the cell cycle. The ATM/ATR phosphorylates SMC1 and SMC3, two core components of the cohesin complex to regulate checkpoint signaling and DNA repair. In this report, we show that the genome-wide binding of SMC1 and SMC3 after ionizing radiation (IR) is enhanced by reinforcing pre-existing cohesin binding sites in human cancer cells. We demonstrate that ATM and SMC3 phosphorylation at Ser¹⁰⁸³ regulate this process. We also demonstrate that acetylation of SMC3 at Lys¹⁰⁵ and Lys¹⁰⁶ is induced by IR and this induction depends on the acetyltransferase ESCO1 as well as the ATM/ATR kinases. Consistently, both ESCO1 and SMC3 acetylation are required for intra-S phase checkpoint and cellular survival after IR. Although both IR-induced acetylation and phosphorylation of SMC3 are under the control of ATM/ATR, the two forms of modification are independent of each other and both are required to promote reinforcement of SMC3 binding to cohesin sites. Thus, SMC3 modifications is a mechanism for genome-wide reinforcement of cohesin binding in response to DNA damage response in human cells and enhanced cohesion is a downstream event of DDR.