弗里熊蜂蜜罐中糖液成分分析

【目的】熊蜂是众多植物的重要传粉昆虫,以采集并贮藏花蜜和花粉为主要食物。本研究旨在探究熊蜂的营养需求及明确其对采集的食物是否存在酿制过程。【方法】利用白砂糖溶液(糖浓度50%)饲喂弗里熊蜂Bombus friseanus蜂群,收集并检测其贮藏在蜜罐中1~7 d的糖液,作为处理组样品;同时将上述白砂糖溶液置于灭菌离心管中,排除熊蜂取食,作为对照组样品,测定贮藏期间处理组和对照组糖液的pH值、糖浓度、糖组分及α-淀粉酶和转化酶活性。【结果】弗里熊蜂B. friseanus贮藏在蜜中1~7d的糖液pH值平均为3.74±0.13,显著低于对照组(6.55±0.15);糖浓度与贮藏时间显著正相关,贮藏6d后糖浓度显著高于贮藏1~3 d时的;糖液组分更加丰富,除蔗糖外利用HPLC还检出果糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖和海藻糖,贮藏4~5 d的糖液中己糖含量极显著高于贮藏1~3 d和6~7 d时的,己糖和麦芽糖含量分别与蔗糖含量极显著负相关,总糖中果糖和麦芽糖含量与贮藏时间极显著负相关,葡萄糖、蔗糖和海藻糖的含量分别与贮藏时间极显著正相关。贮藏6 d的糖液中α-淀粉酶活性显著高于其他时间,其他贮藏时间样品间α-淀粉酶活性差异不显著,而所有样本的转化酶活性在21.17~38.05 U/g FW之间,随贮藏时间的延长差异不显著。【结论】弗里熊蜂B. friseanus采集人工饲喂的糖溶液贮藏在蜜罐中,经其加工后发生了物理和生物化学变化,揭示熊蜂存在酿蜜能力。本研究的结果为熊蜂生物学及繁育研究提供了参考。     

The role of corals on the abundance of a fish ectoparasite in the Great Barrier Reef

Coral Reefs - Gnathiid isopods, common fish ectoparasites, can affect fish physiology, behaviour and survival. Gnathiid juveniles emerge from the benthos to feed on fish blood. In the Caribbean,...     

Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1/Exendin‐4 cotherapy facilitates the proliferation,migration and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells in vitro and promotes periodontal bone regeneration in vivo

ObjectivesStromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1) actively directs endogenous cell homing. Exendin‐4 (EX‐4) promotes stem cell osteogenic differentiation. Studies revealed that EX‐4 strengthened SDF‐1‐mediated stem cell migration. However, the effects of SDF‐1 and EX‐4 on periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and bone regeneration have not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of SDF‐1/EX‐4 cotherapy on PDLSCs in vitro and periodontal bone regeneration in vivo.MethodsCell‐counting kit‐8 (CCK8), transwell assay, qRT‐PCR and western blot were used to determine the effects and mechanism of SDF‐1/EX‐4 cotherapy on PDLSCs in vitro. A rat periodontal bone defect model was developed to evaluate the effects of topical application of SDF‐1 and systemic injection of EX‐4 on endogenous cell recruitment, osteoclastogenesis and bone regeneration in vivo.ResultsSDF‐1/EX‐4 cotherapy had additive effects on PDLSC proliferation, migration, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineral deposition and osteogenesis‐related gene expression compared to SDF‐1 or EX‐4 in vitro. Pretreatment with ERK inhibitor U0126 blocked SDF‐1/EX‐4 cotherapy induced ERK signal activation and PDLSC proliferation. SDF‐1/EX‐4 cotherapy significantly promoted new bone formation, recruited more CXCR4⁺ cells and CD90⁺/CD34^‐ stromal cells to the defects, enhanced early‐stage osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis‐related markers expression in regenerated bone compared to control, SDF‐1 or EX‐4 in vivo.ConclusionsSDF‐1/EX‐4 cotherapy synergistically regulated PDLSC activities, promoted periodontal bone formation, thereby providing a new strategy for periodontal bone regeneration.     

Endocytosis against high turgor pressure is made easier by partial coating and freely rotating base

During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a patch of flat plasma membrane is deformed into a vesicle. In walled cells, such as plants and fungi, the turgor pressure is high and pushes the membrane against the cell wall, thus hindering membrane internalization. In this work, we study how a patch of membrane is deformed against turgor pressure by force and by curvature-generating proteins. We show that a large amount of force is needed to merely start deforming the membrane and an even larger force is needed to pull a membrane tube. The magnitude of these forces strongly depends on how the base of the membrane is constrained and how the membrane is coated with curvature-generating proteins. In particular, these forces can be reduced by partially, but not fully, coating the membrane patch with curvature-generating proteins. Our theoretical results show excellent agreement with experimental data.     

FIT2 organizes lipid droplet biogenesis with ER tubule-forming proteins and septins

Lipid droplets (LDs) are critical for lipid storage and energy metabolism. LDs form in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the molecular basis for LD biogenesis remains elusive. Here, we show that fat storage–inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FIT2) interacts with ER tubule-forming proteins Rtn4 and REEP5. The association is mainly transmembrane domain based and stimulated by oleic acid. Depletion of ER tubule-forming proteins decreases the number and size of LDs in cells and Caenorhabditis elegans, mimicking loss of FIT2. Through cytosolic loops, FIT2 binds to cytoskeletal protein septin 7, an interaction that is also required for normal LD biogenesis. Depletion of ER tubule-forming proteins or septins delays nascent LD formation. In addition, FIT2-interacting proteins are up-regulated during adipocyte differentiation, and ER tubule-forming proteins, septin 7, and FIT2 are transiently enriched at LD formation sites. Thus, FIT2-mediated nascent LD biogenesis is facilitated by ER tubule-forming proteins and septins.     

Max试验验证症状限制心肺运动试验为最大极限运动进一步临床研究*

目的: 验证临床受试者所完成的心肺运动试验（CPET）为最大极限运动,进一步设计完善Max试验验证CPET结果客观定量功能评估的准确性及以某特定指标的特定数值作为停止运动的标准是否可行。方法: 选择2017年9月至2019年1月在阜外医院签署知情同意书后进行CPET和Max试验受试者216例。其中正常受试者41例,因CPET峰值呼吸交换率（RER）≤1.10,或运动中心率和血压不上升,对CPET极限运动结果存在质疑的临床患者175例进行研究。其中60例已初步报告,本研究进一步扩大研究。Max试验方法：完成CPET测试后,先蹬车≥60 r/min,再施加130%峰值功率的恒定功率,鼓励受试者运动至不能坚持的极限状态。计算分析Max试验30 s的最大心率和最大摄氧量、及其与峰值心率和峰值摄氧量之间的差值和百分差值。百分差值=（Max值-峰值值）/Max值× 100%。评测标准：①若心率和摄氧量任一指标的差值百分比≤-10%（Max测试的数值低于CPET峰值数据）则定义Max试验操作失败,否则为成功;2若心率和摄氧量的差值百分比均在-10%~10%,则Max试验操作成功,证明CPET数据为极限运动,CPET 峰值相关数据较为准确;③若心率和摄氧量差值任一指标差值百分比≥10%时,则Max试验操作成功,证明CPET结果为非极限运动。结果: 病例组峰值摄氧量（L/min、ml/（min·kg）、%pred）、无氧阈（L/min、ml/（min·kg）、%pred）、峰值氧脉搏（ml/beat、%pred）、峰值RER、峰值收缩压（mmHg）、峰值运动负荷（W/min）、峰值心率（bpm）、摄氧有效性峰值平台（OUEP）（比值、%pred）低于正常组,二氧化碳通气有效性平均90 s最低值（Lowest Ve/VCO₂）（比值、%pred）、二氧化碳通气效率斜率（Ve/VCO₂ Slope）（比值、%pred）高于正常组（P<0.05）。所有正常组与病例组均安全无任何事件完成CPET和Max试验。216例受试者中,Max试验成功198例（91.7%）,其中证明CPET为极限运动182例,为非极限运动16例;失败18例（8.3%）。结论: 在临床检查中,若对CPET结果是否为最大极限存在质疑,利用Max试验可验证CPET是否为极限运动。Max试验方法安全可行,值得进一步深入研究和临床推广应用。     

植物-固定化菌剂联合修复多环芳烃污染土壤

以火凤凰根际土壤中发现的3种优势菌[分枝杆菌(Ⅰ)、产黄纤维单胞菌(Ⅱ)、少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Ⅲ)]构建的多菌剂体系为供试菌剂,针对大港油田原油污染土壤,将固定化供试菌剂接种于修复植物火凤凰根际,探讨供试菌剂强化火凤凰修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的效果。结果表明: 处理ⅠⅢ(有效活菌数为10⁹ cfu·mL^-1)和ⅠⅡⅢ(有效活菌数为10⁷ cfu·mL^-1)对PAHs的降解有促进作用,PAHs降解率分别为32.2%和41.4%,均显著高于相应对照处理。此外,处理ⅠⅡⅢ对火凤凰的地下生物量有明显促进作用,比对照处理增加了31.2%。表明由3种优势菌构建的多菌剂ⅠⅡⅢ可以作为火凤凰修复PAHs污染土壤的强化手段,为微生物强化植物修复技术提供了新的修复思路及方法。     

基于地形梯度的黄河流域中段植被覆盖时空分异特征——以延安市为例

植被恢复是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的关键,深入研究植被的时空分异特征具有重要的现实意义。本研究以4期Landsat TM/OLI为遥感数据源,采用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,运用转移矩阵、地学信息图谱和重心迁移模型分析1988—2018年黄河流域中段延安市植被覆盖的时空演变特征;并结合地形数据,利用地形分布指数分析高程、坡度上植被覆盖的空间响应规律。结果表明: 研究期间,延安市植被覆盖呈北低南高的空间分布特征,植被覆盖受政策影响而大幅增高;1988—2018年,延安市植被变化模式以持续向好和稳定不变为主导,有50%的区域植被覆盖情况改善,83%的高植被覆盖区域保持稳定。在各高程和坡度等级上,高植被覆盖的分布优势度随时间变化而增大;在各坡度等级上,植被增加百分比和植被稳定性随坡度增加而增大。延安不同等级植被覆盖的迁移方向与植被覆盖整体的迁移趋势基本一致,总体向北偏西转移。延安植被建设已取得显著成效,但北部植被覆盖状况仍待提高,优化植被类型和结构是未来植被建设的重要方向。