On the stimulus conducting structures in insect olfactory receptors

Summary In the olfactory sensilla trichodea of the silk moth, the cuticle of the sense hair is perforated by numerous pores. These pores are shown to be connected with the dendrites of the receptor cell by extracellular pore tubules. It is suggested, therefore, that odour molecules reach the stimulus transduction sites on the receptor membrane by surface diffusion alone, and need not diffuse three-dimensionally through the sensillum liquor.

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Zusammenfassung Bei den olfaktorischen Sensilla trichodea des Seidenspinners wird die Cuticula des Sinneshaares von zahlreichen Poren durchbrochen. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Poren mit den Dendriten der Sinneszellen durch extrazelluläre Porentubuli verbunden sind. Daraus folgt, daß die Duftmoleküle den Ort der Erregungsbildung an der Rezeptormembran wahrscheinlich allein durch Oberflächendiffusion erreichen, ohne eine dreidimensionale Diffusion durch den Sensillenliquor.

     

The role of TGF-β in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma

Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) is found in increasing amounts in aqueous humor and reactive optic nerve astrocytes of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), a major cause of blindness worldwide. The available data strongly indicate that TGF-β2 is a key player contributing to the structural changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head as characteristically seen in POAG. The changes involve an induction in the expression of various ECM molecules and are remarkably similar in trabecular meshwork cells and optic nerve head astrocytes. The ECM changes in the trabecular meshwork most probably play a role in the increase of aqueous humor outflow resistance causing higher intraocular pressure (IOP). In the optic nerve head, TGF-β2-induced changes might contribute to deformation of the optic nerve axons causing impairment of axonal transport and neurotrophic supply and leading to their continuous degeneration. The increase in IOP further adds mechanical stress and strain to optic nerve axons and accelerates degenerative changes. In addition, high IOP might induce the expression of activated TGF-β1 in trabecular meshwork cells and optic nerve head astrocytes; this again might significantly lead to the progress of axonal degeneration. The action of TGF-β2 in POAG is largely mediated through the connective tissue growth factor, whereas the activities of TGF-β1 and -β2 are modulated by the blocking effects of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) and BMP-7, by gremlin that inhibits BMP signaling and by several species of microRNAs.     

Die optische Richtungsorientierung der Roten Waldameise (Formica Ruea L.)

Zusammenfassung Alle folgenden Angaben beziehen sich auf Formica rufa L., die Rote Waldameise, und sind nur unter Vorbehalt auf andere Insektenarten übertragbar.Die Ameisen benützen zur optischen Richtungsorientierung künstliche Lichtquellen, die Sonne oder den Mond.Eine distinkte Lichtquelle kann als Orientierungsmarke durch einen diffusen Lichtschein ersetzt werden.Mit Hilfe einer Polarisationsfolie läßt sich nachweisen, daß sich die Ameisen sowohl nach der Schwingungsrichtung des blauen Himmelslichtes als auch nach der Schwingungsrichtung des Folienlichtes orientieren können.Die Orientierung nach Landmarken, wie Häusern und Bäumen, spielt eine große Rolle und ist bei bewölktem Himmel wahrscheinlich die einzige optische Orientierungsmöglichkeit.Werden Himmels- und Landmarken in Konkurrenz gesetzt, dann läuft die Ameise in einer Kompromißrichtung.Ameisen reagieren in Neststimmung vorwiegend negativ und in Exkursionsstimmung vorwiegend positiv phototaktisch.Es wird eine Methode angegeben, mit der durch Vergleich von Dreherregungen die Stärke der phototaktischen Drehreaktionen gemessen werden kann.Bei gleich großer Ablenkung vom orientierten Lauf sind die geotaktischen und die phototaktischen Dreherregungen (Drehtendenzen) quantitativ gleich.Die phototaktischen Dreherregungen (Drehtendenzen) sind helligkeitsunabhängig, ändern sich jedoch mit dem Einfallswinkel des Lichtes.Aus den experimentellen Befunden wird geschlossen, daß sich am zentralnervösen Funktionsgefüge der negativen (positiven) Phototaxis mindestens drei nervöse Instanzen (Mechanismen) beteiligen: Das Integrationszentrum, das Lagezentrum und der Koordinationsmechanismus der Beinbewegung.Wichtige Vorgänge beim Übergang von der positiven und negativen Phototaxis zur menotaktischen Hin- und Rückwegorientierung sind orientierungsfreie Suchschleifen und Lernprozesse, die zur Ermittlung der Luftlinienrichtung führen.Diese Lernprozesse finden sowohl auf dem Hin- als auch auf dem Rückweg statt.Die Ermittlung der Luftlinienrichtung geschieht über die Auswertung (Integration) der optischen Reizfolge, die kinästhetische Reizfolge ist dafür wahrscheinlich völlig bedeutungslos.Mit Hilfe der Kompensationstheorie werden eine Reihe von Reaktionen sich menotaktisch orientierender Ameisen kausal erklärt.Die Ameise kann sich eine Laufrichtung in bezug auf eine Lichtquelle mindestens 5 Tage lang merken.Die Ameise kann sich mit Hilfe von Landmarken an mindestens vier verschiedenen Plätzen im Gelände je eine bestimmte Laufrichtung merken.Erinnerungsbilder von Himmels- und Landmarken werden im Gedächtnis der Ameisen unabhängig voneinander aufbewahrt, die Erinnerungsbilder der Himmelsmarken dagegen sind im Gedächtnis der Ameisen aneinandergekoppelt.Die Ameisen haben die Fähigkeit, die Wanderung der Sonne bei der Richtungsorientierung mit einzuberechnen.     

Combined Ki-67 and feulgen stain for morphometric determination of the Ki-67 labelling index

In this note we present a combined Ki-67 and Feulgen stain for morphometric determination of the Ki-67 labelling index. The immunohistochemical part of this double staining technique is based on the alkaline-phosphatase-anti-alkaline-phosphatase (APAAP) method, visualizing the enzyme activity by the nitro-blue-tetrazolium chloride (NBT)/bromo-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate (BCIP) technique. The NBT/BCIP complex resists the hydrolytic activity of the Feulgen stain. The staining method presented allows semi-automatic determination of both the total nucleus-area as well as the Ki-67 positive nucleus-area using a morphometric computer system. The Ki-67 labelling index thus achieved is based on the relative nuclear area of Ki-67 positive nuclei and is clearly more precise and efficient than the counting method using an ocular grid.     

Enhanced Rate of Expression and Biosynthesis of Neuropeptide Y After Kainic Acid-Induced Seizures

Recent studies have shown marked increases in brain content of neuropeptide Y (NPY) after seizures induced by intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid and after pentylenetetrazole kindling in the rat. We have now investigated possible changes in the rate of biosynthesis of NPY after kainic acid treatment, by using pulse-labeling of the peptide and by determining prepro-NPY mRNA concentrations. For pulse labeling experiments, [3H]tyrosine was injected into the frontal cortex, and the incorporation of the amino acid into NPY was determined after purifying the peptide by gel filtration chromatography, antibody affinity chromatography, and reversed-phase HPLC. At 2 and 30 days after kainic acid treatment, the rate of tyrosine incorporation was enhanced by approximately 380% in the cortex. In addition, concentrations of pre-pro-NPY mRNA were determined in four different brain areas by hybridization of Northern blots with a complementary 32P-labeled RNA probe 2, 10, 30, and 60 days after kainic acid treatment. Marked increases were observed in the frontal cortex (by up to 350% of controls), in the dorsal hippocampus (by 750%), and in the amygdala/pyriform cortex (by 280%) at all intervals investigated. In the striatum only a small, transient increase was observed. The data demonstrate increased expression of prepro-NPY mRNA and an enhanced rate of in vivo synthesis of NPY as a result of seizures induced by the neurotoxin kainic acid.     

Population Genomic Analyses Based on 1 Million SNPs in Commercial Egg Layers

Identifying signatures of selection can provide valuable insight about the genes or genomic regions that are or have been under selective pressure, which can lead to a better understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships. A common strategy for selection signature detection is to compare samples from several populations and search for genomic regions with outstanding genetic differentiation. Wright''s fixation index, F_ST, is a useful index for evaluation of genetic differentiation between populations. The aim of this study was to detect selective signatures between different chicken groups based on SNP-wise F_ST calculation. A total of 96 individuals of three commercial layer breeds and 14 non-commercial fancy breeds were genotyped with three different 600K SNP-chips. After filtering a total of 1 million SNPs were available for F_ST calculation. Averages of F_ST values were calculated for overlapping windows. Comparisons of these were then conducted between commercial egg layers and non-commercial fancy breeds, as well as between white egg layers and brown egg layers. Comparing non-commercial and commercial breeds resulted in the detection of 630 selective signatures, while 656 selective signatures were detected in the comparison between the commercial egg-layer breeds. Annotation of selection signature regions revealed various genes corresponding to productions traits, for which layer breeds were selected. Among them were NCOA1, SREBF2 and RALGAPA1 associated with reproductive traits, broodiness and egg production. Furthermore, several of the detected genes were associated with growth and carcass traits, including POMC, PRKAB2, SPP1, IGF2, CAPN1, TGFb2 and IGFBP2. Our approach demonstrates that including different populations with a specific breeding history can provide a unique opportunity for a better understanding of farm animal selection.     

p53-induced adipose tissue inflammation is critically involved in the development of insulin resistance in heart failure

Several clinical studies have shown that insulin resistance is prevalent among patients with heart failure, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report a mechanism of insulin resistance associated with heart failure that involves upregulation of p53 in adipose tissue. We found that pressure overload markedly upregulated p53 expression in adipose tissue along with an increase of adipose tissue inflammation. Chronic pressure overload accelerated lipolysis in adipose tissue. In the presence of pressure overload, inhibition of lipolysis by sympathetic denervation significantly downregulated adipose p53 expression and inflammation, thereby improving insulin resistance. Likewise, disruption of p53 activation in adipose tissue attenuated inflammation and improved insulin resistance but also ameliorated cardiac dysfunction induced by chronic pressure overload. These results indicate that chronic pressure overload upregulates adipose tissue p53 by promoting lipolysis via the sympathetic nervous system, leading to an inflammatory response of adipose tissue and insulin resistance.     

Roseobacter clade bacteria are abundant in coastal sediments and encode a novel combination of sulfur oxidation genes

Roseobacter clade bacteria (RCB) are abundant in marine bacterioplankton worldwide and central to pelagic sulfur cycling. Very little is known about their abundance and function in marine sediments. We investigated the abundance, diversity and sulfur oxidation potential of RCB in surface sediments of two tidal flats. Here, RCB accounted for up to 9.6% of all cells and exceeded abundances commonly known for pelagic RCB by 1000-fold as revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and sulfate thiohydrolase (SoxB) genes indicated diverse, possibly sulfur-oxidizing RCB related to sequences known from bacterioplankton and marine biofilms. To investigate the sulfur oxidation potential of RCB in sediments in more detail, we analyzed a metagenomic fragment from a RCB. This fragment encoded the reverse dissimilatory sulfite reductase (rDSR) pathway, which was not yet found in RCB, a novel type of sulfite dehydrogenase (SoeABC) and the Sox multi-enzyme complex including the SoxCD subunits. This was unexpected as soxCD and dsr genes were presumed to be mutually exclusive in sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes. This unique gene arrangement would allow a metabolic flexibility beyond known sulfur-oxidizing pathways. We confirmed the presence of dsrA by geneFISH in closely related RCB from an enrichment culture. Our results show that RCB are an integral part of the microbial community in marine sediments, where they possibly oxidize inorganic and organic sulfur compounds in oxic and suboxic sediment layers.