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941.
Regulation of bacterial virulence by two-component systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In bacteria, two-component systems (TCS) are widely used signal transduction devices which are engaged in a multitude of gene regulatory systems that respond to changing growth conditions. Many pathogenic bacteria encounter different microenvironments during their infectious cycle and their ability to efficiently adapt to different niches inside and outside of their host organisms is frequently mediated by TCSs, which can, therefore, be considered as an essential prerequisite for their pathogenicity. Although significant progress has been made in the elucidation of basic principles of the signal transduction process itself, in many pathogens the contribution of TCS to bacterial virulence is insufficiently recognized. 相似文献
942.
Since its invasion of North America in 2000, the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae) has notably changed the arthropod community of the soybean agroecosystem. The objectives
of this study were to characterize the foliar predatory fauna associated with A. glycines in commercial soybean fields in Québec, Canada, and to evaluate the suitability of A. glycines as prey for three coccinellid species: Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Propylea quatuordecimpunctata L. and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Field surveys showed that several predators responded rapidly to expanding and increasing
populations of the soybean aphid. Coccinellidae were the most important aphidophagous predators observed in 2002 (58.6%) and
2003 (44.8%), with mainly four native and naturalized species co-occurring with the soybean aphid throughout the growing season.
Measurement of fitness parameters under laboratory conditions (survival, development time, longevity, fecundity) indicated
that A. glycines is an excellent prey for the development and reproduction of all three of the coccinellid species studied. The intrinsic
rate of natural increase (rm) was highest for H. axyridis (0.238 d−1), intermediate for P. quatuordecimpunctata (0.215 d−1) and lowest for C. maculata (0.134 d−1). 相似文献
943.
The Influence of Previous Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) Activity on the 1988 Yellowstone Fires 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examined the historical record of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) activity within Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, for the 25-years period leading up to the 1988 Yellowstone fires
(1963–86) to determine how prior beetle activity and the resulting tree mortality affected the spatial pattern of the 1988
Yellowstone fires. To obtain accurate estimates of our model parameters, we used a Markov chain Monte Carlo method to account
for the high degree of spatial autocorrelation inherent to forest fires. Our final model included three statistically significant
variables: drought, aspect, and sustained mountain pine beetle activity in the period 1972–75. Of the two major mountain pine
beetle outbreaks that preceded the 1988 fires, the earlier outbreak (1972–75) was significantly correlated with the burn pattern,
whereas the more recent one (1980–83) was not. Although regional drought and high winds were responsible for the large scale
of this event, the analysis indicates that mountain pine beetle activity in the mid-1970s increased the odds of burning in
1988 by 11% over unaffected areas. Although relatively small in magnitude, this effect, combined with the effects of aspect
and spatial variation in drought, had a dramatic impact on the spatial pattern of burned and unburned areas in 1988. 相似文献
944.
Tui Ray Indrajit Dutta Prasenjit Saha Sampa Das S.C. Roy 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2006,85(1):11-21
An efficient micropropagation protocol produced large number of plants of the three elite banana (Musa spp.) cultivars Robusta (AAA), Giant Governor (AAA) and Martaman (AAB) from shoot tip meristem. The genetic relationships
and fidelity among the cultivars and micropropagated plants as assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple
sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, revealed three somaclonal variants from Robusta and three from Giant Governor. A total of
5330 RAPD and 2741 ISSR fragments were generated with 21 RAPD and 12 ISSR primers in micropropagated plants. The percentage
of polymorphic loci by RAPD and ISSR were found to be 1.75, 5.08 in Robusta and 0.83, 5.0 in Giant Governor respectively.
Among the two marker systems used, ISSR fingerprinting detected more polymorphism than RAPD in Robusta and Giant Governor
with most of the primers showing similar fingerprinting profile, whereas Martaman revealed complete genetic stability. 相似文献
945.
van der Heijden MG Bakker R Verwaal J Scheublin TR Rutten M van Logtestijn R Staehelin C 《FEMS microbiology ecology》2006,56(2):178-187
Symbiotic interactions are thought to play a key role in ecosystems. Empirical evidence for the impact of symbiotic bacteria on plant communities is, however, extremely scarce because of experimental constraints. Here, in three complementary experiments, we show that nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria act as a determinant of plant community structure and diversity. Grassland microcosms inoculated with a mixture of rhizobia had a higher above-ground plant productivity (+35%), contained more nitrogen (+85%) and had significant higher community evenness (+34%) than control microcosms without rhizobia. Moreover, three of the four studied legume species required rhizobia to successfully coexist with other plant species. In contrast, the growth and survival of three grass and five forb species were not affected by the presence or absence of rhizobia. Finally, our results also showed that the legume species largely relied on symbiotically fixed nitrogen, both in the field and in the microcosms. This indicates that results in the microcosms are indicative for processes occurring in the field. It is concluded that symbiotic interactions between plants and prokaryotes can contribute to plant productivity, plant community structure and acquisition of limiting resources in legume-rich grassland communities. 相似文献
946.
947.
Membrane protein complexes can support both the generation and utilisation of a transmembrane electrochemical proton potential ('proton-motive force'), either by transmembrane electron transfer coupled to protolytic reactions on opposite sides of the membrane or by transmembrane proton transfer. Here we provide the first evidence that both of these mechanisms are combined in the case of a specific respiratory membrane protein complex, the dihaem-containing quinol:fumarate reductase (QFR) of Wolinella succinogenes, so as to facilitate transmembrane electron transfer by transmembrane proton transfer. We also demonstrate the non-functionality of this novel transmembrane proton transfer pathway ('E-pathway') in a variant QFR where a key glutamate residue has been replaced. The 'E-pathway', discussed on the basis of the 1.78-Angstrom-resolution crystal structure of QFR, can be concluded to be essential also for the viability of pathogenic varepsilon-proteobacteria such as Helicobacter pylori and is possibly relevant to proton transfer in other dihaem-containing membrane proteins, performing very different physiological functions. 相似文献
948.
A nuclear export signal and phosphorylation regulate Dok1 subcellular localization and functions
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Niu Y Roy F Saltel F Andrieu-Soler C Dong W Chantegrel AL Accardi R Thépot A Foiselle N Tommasino M Jurdic P Sylla BS 《Molecular and cellular biology》2006,26(11):4288-4301
Dok1 is believed to be a mainly cytoplasmic adaptor protein which down-regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, inhibits cell proliferation and transformation, and promotes cell spreading and cell migration. Here we show that Dok1 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Treatment of cells with leptomycin B (LMB), a specific inhibitor of the nuclear export signal (NES)-dependent receptor CRM1, causes nuclear accumulation of Dok1. We have identified a functional NES (348LLKAKLTDPKED359) that plays a major role in the cytoplasmic localization of Dok1. Src-induced tyrosine phosphorylation prevented the LMB-mediated nuclear accumulation of Dok1. Dok1 cytoplasmic localization is also dependent on IKKbeta. Serum starvation or maintaining cells in suspension favor Dok1 nuclear localization, while serum stimulation, exposure to growth factor, or cell adhesion to a substrate induce cytoplasmic localization. Functionally, nuclear NES-mutant Dok1 had impaired ability to inhibit cell proliferation and to promote cell spreading and cell motility. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence that Dok1 transits through the nucleus and is actively exported into the cytoplasm by the CRM1 nuclear export system. Nuclear export modulated by external stimuli and phosphorylation may be a mechanism by which Dok1 is maintained in the cytoplasm and membrane, thus regulating its signaling functions. 相似文献
949.
Neess D Kiilerich P Sandberg MB Helledie T Nielsen R Mandrup S 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》2006,289(1-2):149-157
The differential alterations of the spliceosomal UsnRNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6) were reported to be associated with cellular proliferation and development. The attempt was made in this study to analyze the metabolic pattern of the spliceosomal UsnRNAs during the development of pre-malignant lung lesions induced in experimental mice model system by benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and also to see how tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG), modulate the metabolism of these UsnRNAs during the lung carcinogenesis. No significant changes in the level of the UsnRNAs were seen in the inflammatory lung lesions at 9th week due to treatment of BP. However, there was significant increase in the level of U1 (∼2.5 fold) and U5 (∼47%) in the hyperplastic lung lesions at 17th week. But in the mild dysplastic lung lesions at 26th week, the level of UsnRNAs did not change significantly. Whereas, in the dysplastic lung lesions at 36th week there was significant increase in the level of the U2 (∼2 fold), U4 (∼2.5 fold) and U5 (∼2 fold). Due to the EGCG and ECG treatment the lung lesions at 9th week appeared normal and in the 17th, 26th, and 36th week it appeared as hyperplasia. The level of the UsnRNAs was significantly low in the lung lesions at 9th week (only U2 and U4 by EGCG), at 17th week (only U1 by EGCG/ECG), at 26th week (U1 by ECG; U2, U4 and U5 by EGCG/ECG) and at 36th week (U1 by ECG, U2 and U4 by EGCG/ECG). Whereas, there was significant increase in the level of U5 (by EGCG/ECG) and U6 (by EGCG only) in the lung lesions at 36th and 26th week respectively. This indicates that the metabolism of the spliceosomal UsnRNAs differentially altered during the development of pre-malignant lung lesions by BP as well as during the modulation of the lung lesions by the tea polyphenols. 相似文献
950.
The folding behavior of cytochrome C (Cyt-C) conjugated with CdS nanorods (CdSnr) is amenable to monitoring by bright field microscopy, the porosity and percolating behavior of such protein conjugated nanoclusters depending on the folding history prior to the conjugation. The method has been used to predict the thermal melting behavior as well as guanidine hydrochloride induced unfolding of Cyt-C. Dynamic light scattering studies indicate that the size distribution of the nanoforms widens in presence of the protein. Furthermore, there is emergence of clusters with higher conductivity and altered zeta potential. Increase of second virial coefficient of CdS nanoforms in the presence of Cyt-C (obtained from static light scattering experiments) implies presence of protein coat over the hydrophobic nanosurface. The results are supported by morphological changes observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Accordingly, the X-ray diffraction pattern shows a change of crystallographic orientations of CdSnr in presence of Cyt-C. 相似文献