The effect of fluoxetine on warfarin metabolism in the rat and man.

Fluoxetine, a selective blocker of serotonin uptake, inhibits the metabolism of warfarin in rats. In contrast, after a single dose or seven daily doses of fluoxetine to human subjects, no inhibition of warfarin metabolism was observed.     

Probing,Assessment and Management during Interactions between Ground Squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) and Rattlesnakes (Squamata: Viperidae). 2: Cues Afforded by Rattlesnake Rattling

The predator-prey relationship between California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) and northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus riridis oreganus) is a useful system in which to explore risk assessment and management. Rattlesnakes are major predators of ground-squirrel pups, but pose only a sublethal threat to adult squirrels. Adults approach, harass, and even attack rattlesnakes when confronted with them. A rattlesnake's response to such harassment can include rattling and striking. Not all rattlesnakes pose the same risk to an adult squirrel. Larger, warmer rattlesnakes strike in ways that may be more effective at overwhelming the defensive leaps of squirrels, and larger snakes can inject more venom if they are successful in landing a bite. It would therefore benefit squirrels to assess and respond appropriately to rattlesnakes of different body size and temperature. We looked for cues in rattling upon which such assessments might be based. We recorded and digitally analyzed the rattling sounds of snakes of different sizes, each tested at four different body temperatures — 10, 18, 27, and 35°C. Results indicate that warmer snakes rattle with faster click rates, higher amplitudes, and shorter latencies. Similarly, larger snakes produce rattling sounds of higher amplitude and lower dominant frequencies. Thus, rattling provides reliable cues about rattlesnake dangerousness. Nevertheless, this highly ‘informative’ characteristic of rattling has its origins in physical and physiological constraints, not in specialization for communication. Ground squirrels appear to probe for the information extractable from rattling, for example by pushing loose substrate at the snake and thus inducing it to rattle. Future reports will discuss the degree to which ground squirrels actually exploit these cues.     

Toward an understanding of broad-scale patterns of the habitat suitability of fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceus (Forssk.) Morrone,Poaceae)

Plant Ecology - Understanding the factors contributing to the introduction and spread of invasive species is crucial to help develop management strategies to control and eradicate them in sensitive...     

Accounting for Carbon Flux to Mycorrhizal Fungi May Resolve Discrepancies in Forest Carbon Budgets

Ecosystems - Carbon (C) fluxes among different components of plant growth are important to forest ecosystem C cycling and are strongly influenced by species composition and resource availability....     

Aedes albopictus oviposits with other Aedes species in artificial oviposition cups: a case study in Knox County,Tennessee, U.S.A.

Interspecific associations between two mosquito species can lead to effects such as competition, species displacement, and species stability. To better understand Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and other Aedes species, we monitored eggs in artificial oviposition cups (ovitraps) within Knox County, TN, U.S.A., during the 2016 and 2017 mosquito seasons. In 2016, one black and one white ovitrap were placed at 18 sites for 21 weeks, while in 2017 black and white ovitraps baited with grass‐infused or deionized water were placed at 11 sites for nine weeks. Eggs were identified to species and resulting counts were used to determine the degree of interspecific association using Cole's coefficients (C₇) and the degree of heterogeneity across space and time using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). Here, Aedes mosquitoes are generally ovipositing in black cups with grass‐infused water, and Ae. albopictus eggs co‐occurred with other Aedes species more often than would be expected. Finding a positive significant interspecific association between Ae. albopictus and other Aedes eggs suggests that methods used to control Ae. albopictus may also control other Aedes mosquitoes. Finding that Ae. albopictus co‐occurs with other Aedes mosquitoes warrants additional research to evaluate outcomes associated with co‐occurrence within the study area.     

Lake morphometry determines Dreissena invasion dynamics

Predicting the ecosystem effects of invasive species and the best control strategies requires understanding population dynamics and population regulation. Invasive bivalves zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena spp.) are considered the most aggressive invaders in freshwaters and have become major drivers of ecosystem processes in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Combining all lake-wide studies of Dreissena spp. conducted in the Great Lakes, we found that invasion dynamics are largely governed by lake morphometry. Where both species are present, quagga mussels generally become dominant in 8–13 years. Thereafter, zebra mussels remain common in shallow lakes and embayments and lake-wide Dreissena density may remain similar, while in deep lakes quagga led to a near-complete displacement of zebra mussels and an ensuing dramatic increase in overall dreissenid density. In deep lakes, overall Dreissena biomass peaked later and achieved?~?threefold higher levels than in shallow lakes. Comparison with 21 waterbodies in North America and Europe colonized by both dreissenids confirmed that patterns of invasion dynamics found in the Great Lakes are very consistent with other waterbodies, and thus can be generalized to other lakes. Our biophysical model predicted that the long-term reduction in primary producers by mussel grazing may be fourfold less in deep compared to shallow lakes due to thermal stratification and a smaller proportion of the epilimnion in contact with the bottom. While this impact remains greatest in shallow areas, we show that when lakes are vertically well-mixed, dreissenid grazing impact may be greatest offshore, revealing a potentially strong offshore carbon and phosphorus sink.

     

PGC-1 Coactivators Regulate MITF and the Tanning Response

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Highlights? PGC-1 induces pigment formation in melanocytes ? PGC-1s activate expression of MITF ? α-MSH induces PGC-1s, which are required for induction of melanogenic genes ? eQTLs in human PGC-1β are associated with tanning ability and melanoma protection     

Method for Quantitative Study of Airway Functional Microanatomy Using Micro-Optical Coherence Tomography

We demonstrate the use of a high resolution form of optical coherence tomography, termed micro-OCT (μOCT), for investigating the functional microanatomy of airway epithelia. μOCT captures several key parameters governing the function of the airway surface (airway surface liquid depth, periciliary liquid depth, ciliary function including beat frequency, and mucociliary transport rate) from the same series of images and without exogenous particles or labels, enabling non-invasive study of dynamic phenomena. Additionally, the high resolution of μOCT reveals distinguishable phases of the ciliary stroke pattern and glandular extrusion. Images and functional measurements from primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures and excised tissue are presented and compared with measurements using existing gold standard methods. Active secretion from mucus glands in tissue, a key parameter of epithelial function, was also observed and quantified.