The isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related vibrios from moribund aquarium lobsters.

Vibrios were isolated in pure culture from the hemolymph of 7 out of 28 dead or dying aquarium lobsters which had been acclimated to 20-22 degrees C. One isolate was identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, one as a related marine Vibrio (probably V. marinus), and five as Vibrio alginolyticus. No isolates of halophilic Vibrio species were made from healthy lobsters using thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar (TCBS).     

Cytogenetics of autotetraploid sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.)

Summary Variety seed samples, samples of eutetraploid plant progenies and samples of aneutetraploid or tetraploid population progenies were investigated for chromosome numbers. Genomal and chromosomal deviations from the artificially induced 4x genome level were encountered. Though deviations from the genome level were found to be exceptional, their impact on the reproduction of chromosome numbers may not be underestimated because sugar beets cross readily between genome levels. In general eutetraploid plants remained stable at the 4x genome level, but produced a high percentage of aneutetraploid plants. The chromosomal deviations on the 4x genome level ranged from –2 to +3 chromosomes. In cytogenetic terms chromosome reproduction of eutetraploid plants is characterized by incomplete selection pressure for euploidy. The type of chromosome reproduction differs from the diploid type in as much as eutetraploid plants do not precisely reproduce the chromosome number and gene content, fundamentals on which are based the Mendelian laws of inheritance. In propagation and selection of tetraploid sugar beets the mode of reproduction of chromosome numbers described has to be taken into account.

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Zusammenfassung Samenproben von Sorten, von eutetraploiden Pflanzennachkommenschaften und von aneutetraploiden oder tetraploiden Populationsnachkommenschaften wurden auf Chromosomenzahlen untersucht. Es wurden genomale und chromosomale Abweichungen von der künstlich induzierten 4x Genomzahl festgestellt. Obwohl nur wenige Abweichungen von der Genomstufe gefunden wurden, darf ihr Einfluß auf die Chromosomenzahlreproduktion wegen der leichten Kreuzbarkeit der Rüben zwischen den Genomstufen nicht unterschätzt werden. Eutetraploide Pflanzen zeigten im allgemeinen eine Stabilisierung auf der 4x Genomstufe, produzierten aber einen hohen Prozentsatz von aneuploiden Pflanzen. Die chromosomalen Abweichungen von der 4x Genomstufe betrugen bis zu –2 und +3 Chromosomen. In cytogenetischem Sinne ist die zahlenmäßige Chromosomenproduktion tetraploider Pflanzen durch unvollständigen Selektionsdruck für Euploidie gekennzeichnet. Die Art der zahlenmäßigen Chromosomenreproduktion unterscheidet sich von der diploiden insofern, als eutetraploide Pflanzen sich in Chromosomenzahl und Geninhalt nicht genau reproduzieren, Voraussetzungen, auf denen die Regeln der Mendelvererbung beruhen. Bei der Vermehrung und Auslese tetraploider Zuckerrüben muß die beschriebene Art der zahlenmäßigen Chromosomenreproduktion berücksichtigt werden.

     

How to measure,report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal

There is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initiatives such as international ‘4p1000’ initiative and the FAO's Global assessment of SOC sequestration potential (GSOCseq) programme. Since SOC content of soils cannot be easily measured, a key barrier to implementing programmes to increase SOC at large scale, is the need for credible and reliable measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) platforms, both for national reporting and for emissions trading. Without such platforms, investments could be considered risky. In this paper, we review methods and challenges of measuring SOC change directly in soils, before examining some recent novel developments that show promise for quantifying SOC. We describe how repeat soil surveys are used to estimate changes in SOC over time, and how long‐term experiments and space‐for‐time substitution sites can serve as sources of knowledge and can be used to test models, and as potential benchmark sites in global frameworks to estimate SOC change. We briefly consider models that can be used to simulate and project change in SOC and examine the MRV platforms for SOC change already in use in various countries/regions. In the final section, we bring together the various components described in this review, to describe a new vision for a global framework for MRV of SOC change, to support national and international initiatives seeking to effect change in the way we manage our soils.     

Comparison of Alternaria spore levels between two areas within the same city (Salamanca,Middle West Spain)

Aerobiologia - The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge about fungal spores in the atmosphere of the city of Salamanca (Middle West Spain), through the comparative study of...     

Temperature effect on oxidative stress and egg quality-related genes on post-ovulatory eggs and ovary of red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis)

Red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) is a native species with potential for Chilean aquaculture diversification. However, no information exists on the effects of temperature on oxidative stress and eggs quality markers in post-ovulatory eggs and ovary of this species. We determine that high and low temperature generate oxidative damage on post-ovulatory eggs, with no effect on ovary. Temperature induces thermal stress markers expression on post-ovulatory eggs, and modulates antioxidant and eggs quality markers on post-ovulatory eggs and ovary, information to consider for quality evaluation in the red cusk-eel management.     

Validating the use of stereo‐video cameras to conduct remote measurements of sea turtles

Point 1: Stereo‐video camera systems (SVCSs) are a promising tool to remotely measure body size of wild animals without the need for animal handling. Here, we assessed the accuracy of SVCSs for measuring straight carapace length (SCL) of sea turtles.Point 2: To achieve this, we hand captured and measured 63 juvenile, subadult, and adult sea turtles across three species: greens, Chelonia mydas (n = 52); loggerheads, Caretta caretta (n = 8); and Kemp''s ridley, Lepidochelys kempii (n = 3) in the waters off Eleuthera, The Bahamas and Crystal River, Florida, USA, between May and November 2019. Upon release, we filmed these individuals with the SVCS. We performed photogrammetric analysis to extract stereo SCL measurements (eSCL), which were then compared to the (manual) capture measurements (mSCL).Point 3: mSCL ranged from 25.9 to 89.2 cm, while eSCL ranged from 24.7 to 91.4 cm. Mean percent bias of eSCL ranged from −0.61% (±0.11 SE) to −4.46% (±0.31 SE) across all species and locations. We statistically analyzed potential drivers of measurement error, including distance of the turtle to the SVCS, turtle angle, image quality, turtle size, capture location, and species.Point 4: Using a linear mixed effects model, we found that the distance between the turtle and the SVCS was the primary factor influencing measurement error. Our research suggests that stereo‐video technology enables high‐quality measurements of sea turtle body size collected in situ without the need for hand‐capturing individuals. This study contributes to the growing knowledge base that SVCS are accurate for body size measurements independent of taxonomic clade.     

Effect of the Immobilization Method of Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus on Sucrose Acylation

Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (formerly Humicola lanuginosa ) was immobilized using granulation by incubating low-particle-size silica with the lipase. Granules with a particle diameter in the range 0.3-1 &#117 mm were obtained. The immobilized lipase was tested in the acylation of sucrose with vinyl laurate in mixtures of tert -amyl alcohol: dimethyl sulfoxide. Results were compared with immobilization of enzyme by adsorption on polypropylene (Accurel EP100), deposition on Celite by precipitation, and covalent attachment to Eupergit C. Granulated lipase converted >95% of sucrose into 6- O -lauroylsucrose in 6 &#117 h. Accurel-lipase was also very active, converting 70% of sucrose into monoester in 2 &#117 h. The residual activity of granules after five reaction cycles under the best reaction conditions was 72%; this value was considerably higher than the one observed for the same lipase adsorbed on Accurel (15% residual activity after five cycles).