Effect of noradrenaline on oxygen consumption and tissue blood flow in young pigs

Metabolic rate and tissue blood flow were measured by indirect calorimetry and the radioactive microsphere technique, respectively, in anaesthetized pigs aged 10, 17, and 28 days during infusions of saline or noradrenaline. Noradrenaline produced a rise in oxygen consumption in all pigs but the magnitude of the response declined with age in Large White pigs (percent increase: 10 days old, 29.5 +/- 3.3; 17 days old, 15.3 +/- 3.2; 28 days old, 5.4 +/- 0.17) and was less in 10-day-old Minipigs (9.1 +/- 5.1). Regional blood flow per gram of tissue was similar for pigs of all ages and noradrenaline produced increases in flow to heart and skin, and small reductions in blood flow to skeletal muscle. Noradrenaline increased average blood flow to adipose tissue (four sites) by 21-fold in 10-day-old Large White pigs, but had less effect in 10-day-old Minipigs (9.5-fold) and in older Large White pigs (9-fold), where the effect on metabolic rate was diminished. It is calculated that adipose tissue could be responsible for the increase in metabolic rate during infusion of noradrenaline. Macroscopically there are no gross differences between various adipose tissue depots in the pig but those which showed the greatest response to noradrenaline correspond to areas where brown adipocytes have previously been identified by electron microscopy.     

Resolving UV Bioactinometric Results with Intensity and Time Distributions

A UV reactor with an annular design, a total liquid volume of 460[emsp4 ]ml, and outfitted with a single lamp with 1690[emsp4 ]mW of germicidal power was tested. Coliphage MS2 was used as a bioactinometer to measure the UV dose at a flow rate of 56.7[emsp4 ]ml/sec in water with a very low absorbance. The Beers Law coefficient was A₁₀0.003. The measured dose (MS2 bioactinometry) was 35.2±1.1[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm².A retention time distribution was generated with a dye tracer study. The reactor was modeled as if flow was confined to ten equal volume paths existing as concentric rings around the lamp. The UV intensity along each path (ith intensity) was calculated to generate a simulated distribution of UV intensity in the reactor. The retention time distribution was subdivided to estimate the retention time associated with each decile jth time) of the total flow.Seven methods of associating the ith intensity with the jth retention time were used to produce simulated dose distributions for the reactor. The average UV dose for each distribution was calculated as the average of the products of I and t (AP protocol) and by the apparent survival (AS protocol), in which the predicted survival along each path was averaged to back-calculate dose from the reference batch inactivation curve. The average dose predicted assuming that time and intensity were independent was 51.5[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm² based on the arithmetic average (AP protocol). Using the apparent survival method, the predicted dose for the independent distribution (I independent of t) was 36.4[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm². Three methods of developing dependent structure between time and intensity were tested. In the best possible case for stratified flow (I negatively correlated with t) the calculated (AS) intensity was 46.3[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm^2. In the worst case for stratified flow (I positively correlated with t) the AS intensity was 32.0[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm². In a rational case where flows were assumed to be distributed parabolically (low flow at the wall and at the lamp) produced an AS intensity of 37.7[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm². When either time or intensity was averaged, while the other variable was allowed to keep its distribution, the (AS) dose (time averaged 43.3[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm², intensity averaged 41.0[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm²), yielded a poor prediction compared to the measured value.The errors associated with averaging time, intensity, or both, far outweigh the errors associated with choosing a rational distribution or an independent distribution of time and intensity in the prediction. This observation is generally true whenever an organism is exposed to UV light in a flow through reactor such that the range of doses is within the portion of the inactivation curve exhibiting strong exponential decay.     

Radiometric assay for direct quantitation of rat liver cytochrome P-450b using monoclonal antibodies

A simple and sensitive assay has been developed that is capable of detecting as little as 0.2 ng of the major isozyme of cytochrome P-450 (P-450b) isolated from the livers of phenobarbital-induced rats. This assay employs monoclonal antibodies generated against cytochrome P-450b to directly quantify the levels of this enzyme in various tissues. Separation of bound from free labeled antibody is achieved by using 6,9-diaminoacridine lactate (Rivanol). The useful range of the assay is between 1 and 100 ng of P-450b.