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111.
Nunez-Cruz S Yeo WC Rothman J Ojha P Bassiri H Juntilla M Davidson D Veillette A Koretzky GA Nichols KE 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2008,181(4):2311-2320
The adaptor molecule SAP (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein) plays a critical role during NK T (NKT) cell development in humans and mice. In CD4(+) T cells, SAP interacts with the tyrosine kinase Fyn to deliver signals required for TCR-induced Th2-type cytokine production. To determine whether the SAP-dependent signals controlling NKT cell ontogeny rely on its binding to Fyn, we used the OP9-DL1 system to initiate structure function studies of SAP in murine NKT cell development. In cultures containing wild-type (WT) hematopoietic progenitors, we noted the transient emergence of cells that reacted with the NKT cell-specific agonist alpha-galactosyl ceramide and its analog PBS57. Sap(-/-) cells failed to give rise to NKT cells in vitro; however, their development could be rescued by re-expression of WT SAP. Emergence of NKT cells was also restored by a mutant version of SAP (SAP R78A) that cannot bind to Fyn, but with less efficiency than WT SAP. This finding was accentuated in vivo in Sap(R78A) knock-in mice as well as Sap(R78A) competitive bone marrow chimeras, which retained NKT cells but at significantly reduced numbers compared with controls. Unlike Sap(R78A) CD4(+) T cells, which produce reduced levels of IL-4 following TCR ligation, alpha-galactosyl ceramide-stimulated NKT cells from the livers and spleens of Sap(R78A) mice produced Th2 cytokines and activated NK cells in a manner mimicking WT cells. Thus, SAP appears to use differential signaling mechanisms in NKT cells, with optimal ontogeny requiring Fyn binding, while functional responses occur independently of this interaction. 相似文献
112.
113.
Multiple cytosolic components promote intra-Golgi protein transport. Resolution of a protein acting at a late stage, prior to membrane fusion 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Cytosolic components are required to produce the "primed donor" and to consume the "dilution-resistant" intermediates of the intercompartmental protein transport pathway as elucidated in a cell-free system (Balch, W. E., Glick, B. S., and Rothman, J. E. (1984) Cell 39, 525-536, and Wattenberg, B. W., Balch, W. E., and Rothman, J. E. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 2202-2207). Widely different levels of crude cytosol are required for each of these steps, suggesting that different cytosolic components might mediate each step. Here, we fractionate cytosol and demonstrate that there are multiple transport-active components. Furthermore, we report the development of stage-specific functional assays which reveal that a distinct soluble component is required in the consumption of the dilution-resistant intermediate. This component, of about 25 kilodaltons in its apparent native molecular mass, is derived from calf brain cytosol. While this component mediates the consumption of the dilution-resistant intermediate, it is inactive in the priming stage. This stage-specific component seems likely to be involved in the processing of transport vesicles after the attachment of those vesicles to the target membranes. 相似文献
114.
Ananthan S Khare NK Saini SK Davis P Dersch CM Porreca F Rothman RB 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2003,11(18):4143-4154
A series of pyridomorphinans possessing an aryl (10a-s) or heteroaryl (11a-h) substituent at the 5'-position of the pyridine ring of 17-cyclopropylmethyl-4,5 alpha-epoxypyrido[2',3':6,7]morphinan was synthesized and evaluated for binding and functional activity at the opioid delta, mu, and kappa receptors. All of these pyridomorphinans bound with higher affinity at the delta site than at mu or kappa sites. The binding data on isomeric compounds revealed that there exists greater bulk tolerance for substituents placed at the o-position of the phenyl ring than at m- or p-positions. Among the ligands examined, the 2-chlorophenyl (10l), 2-nitrophenyl (10n), 2-pyridyl (11a), and 4-quinolinyl (11g) compounds bound to the delta receptor with subnanomolar affinity. Compound 10c with the p-tolyl substituent displayed the highest mu/delta selectivity (ratio=42) whereas compound 10l with the 2-chlorophenyl substituent displayed the highest kappa/delta selectivity (ratio=23). At 10 microM concentration, the in vitro functional activity determined using [(35)S]GTP-gamma-S binding assays showed that all of the compounds were antagonists devoid of any significant agonist activity at the delta, mu, and kappa receptors. Antagonist potency determinations of three selected ligands revealed that the p-tolyl compound 10c is a potent delta selective antagonist. In the [(35)S]GTP-gamma-S assays this compound had a functional antagonist K(i) value of 0.2, 4.52, and 7.62 nM at the delta, mu, and kappa receptors, respectively. In the smooth muscle assays 10c displayed delta antagonist potency with a K(e) value of 0.88 nM. As an antagonist, it was 70-fold more potent at the delta receptors in the MVD than at the mu receptors in the GPI. The in vitro delta antagonist profile of this pyridomorphinan 10c resembles that of the widely used delta selective antagonist ligand naltrindole. 相似文献
115.
Kim JH Deschamps JR Rothman RB Dersch CM Folk JE Cheng K Jacobson AE Rice KC 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2011,19(11):3434-3443
A new synthesis of N-methyl and N-phenethyl substituted ortho-c and para-c oxide-bridged phenylmorphans, using N-benzyl- rather than N-methyl-substituted intermediates, was used and the pharmacological properties of these compounds were determined. The N-phenethyl substituted ortho-c oxide-bridged phenylmorphan(rac-(3R,6aS,11aS)-2-phenethyl-2,3,4,5,6,11a-hexahydro-1H-3,6a-methanobenzofuro[2,3-c]azocin-10-ol (12)) was found to have the highest μ-opioid receptor affinity (K(i)=1.1 nM) of all of the a- through f-oxide-bridged phenylmorphans. Functional data ([3?S]GTP-γ-S) showed that the racemate 12 was more than three times more potent than naloxone as an μ-opioid antagonist. 相似文献
116.
It is widely assumed that terrestrial food webs are built on a nitrogen-limited base and consequently herbivores must compensate through selection of high-protein foods and efficient nitrogen retention. Like many folivorous primates, gorillas' diet selection supports this assumption, as they apparently prefer protein-rich foods. Our study of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei) in Uganda revealed that, in some periods, carbohydrate-rich fruits displace a large portion of protein-rich leaves in their diet. We show that non-protein energy (NPE) intake was invariant throughout the year, whereas protein intake was substantially higher when leaves were the major portion of the diet. This pattern of macronutrient intake suggests that gorillas prioritize NPE and, to achieve this when leaves are the major dietary item, they over-eat protein. The concentrations of protein consumed in relation to energy when leaves were the major portion of the diet were close to the maximum recommended for humans and similar to high-protein human weight-loss diets. By contrast, the concentrations of protein in relation to energy when gorillas ate fruit-dominated diets were similar to those recommended for humans. Our results question the generality of nitrogen limitation in terrestrial herbivores and provide a fascinating contrast with human macronutrient intake. 相似文献
117.
118.
The power and scope of chemical synthesis offer considerable opportunities to broaden the lexicon of chemical tools that can be implemented for the study of complex biological systems. To investigate individual signaling proteins and pathways, chemical tools provide a powerful complement to existing genetic, chemical genetic and immunologic methods. In particular, understanding phosphorylation-mediated signaling in real time yields important information about the regulation of cellular function and insights into the origin of disease. Recent advances in the development of photolabile caged analogs of bioactive species and fluorescence-based sensors of protein kinase activities are useful for investigating protein phosphorylation and the roles of phosphoproteins. Photolabile caged analogs allow spatial and temporal control over the release of a compound, while fluorescence-based sensors allow the real-time visualization of kinase activity. Here, we discuss recent advances that have increased the specificity and availability of these tools. 相似文献
119.
de Ruyck J Rothman SC Poulter CD Wouters J 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2005,338(3):1515-1518
Crystal structures of Thermus thermophilus and Bacillus subtilis type 2 IPP isomerases were combined to generate an almost complete model of the FMN-bound structure of the enzyme. In contrast to previous studies, positions of flexible loops were obtained and carefully analyzed by molecular dynamics. Docking simulations find a unique putative binding site for the IPP substrate. 相似文献
120.
Jingshi Shen Shailendra S. Rathore Lavan Khandan James E. Rothman 《The Journal of cell biology》2010,190(1):55-63
Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins activate intracellular membrane fusion through binding to cognate SNAP receptor (SNARE) complexes. The synaptic target membrane SNARE syntaxin 1 contains a highly conserved Habc domain, which connects an N-peptide motif to the SNARE core domain and is thought to participate in the binding of Munc18-1 (the neuronal SM protein) to the SNARE complex. Unexpectedly, we found that mutation or complete removal of the Habc domain had no effect on Munc18-1 stimulation of fusion. The central cavity region of Munc18-1 is required to stimulate fusion but not through its binding to the syntaxin Habc domain. SNAP-25, another synaptic SNARE subunit, contains a flexible linker and exhibits an atypical conjoined Qbc configuration. We found that neither the linker nor the Qbc configuration is necessary for Munc18-1 promotion of fusion. As a result, Munc18-1 activates a SNARE complex with the typical configuration, in which each of the SNARE core domains is individually rooted in the membrane bilayer. Thus, the SNARE four-helix bundle and syntaxin N-peptide constitute a minimal complement for Munc18-1 activation of fusion. 相似文献