Mortality rates of desert vegetation during high-intensity drought at Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park,Central Australia

Precipitation variability and heatwaves are expected to intensify over much of inland Australia under most projected climate change scenarios. This will undoubtedly have impacts on the biota of Australian dryland systems. However, accurate modelling of these impacts is presently impeded by a lack of empirical research on drought/heatwave effects on native arid flora and fauna. During the 2018–2021 Australian drought, many parts of the continent's inland experienced their hottest, driest period on record. Here, we present the results of a field survey in 2021 involving indigenous rangers, scientists and national parks staff who assessed plant dieback during this drought at Ulur u-Kata Tjut a National Park (UKTNP), central Australia. Spatially randomized quadrat sampling of eight common and culturally important plants indicated the following plant death rates across UKTNP (in order of drought susceptibility): desert myrtle (Aluta maisonneuvei subsp. maisonneuvei) (91%), yellow flame grevillea (Grevillea eriostachya) (79%), Maitland's wattle (Acacia maitlandii) (67%), waxy wattle (A. melleodora) (65%), soft spinifex grass (Triodia pungens) (53%), mulga (A. aneura) (42%), desert oak (Allocasuarina decaisneana) (22%) and quandong (Santalum acuminatum) (0%). The sampling also detected that seedling recruitment was absent or minimal for all plants except soft spinifex, while a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) indicated two-way interactions among species, plant size and stand density as important predictors of drought survival of adult plants. A substantial loss of biodiversity has occurred at UKTNP during the recent drought, with likely drivers of widespread plant mortality being extreme multi-year rainfall deficit (2019 recorded the lowest-ever annual rainfall at UKTNP [27 mm]) and record high summer temperatures (December 2019 recorded the highest-ever temperature [47.1°C]). Our findings indicate that widespread plant death and extensive vegetation restructuring will occur across arid Australia if the severity and frequency of droughts increase under climate change.     

Efficient and gentle elution of antibodies from an immobilized polypeptide antigen BT saturated magnesium chloride

Summary A model antigen, rabbit immunoglobulin G, was immobilized onto polyester cloth by adsorption. The antigen cloth was reacted with sheep anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Antibody bound to the antigen cloth was nearly quantitatively eluted by saturated MgCl₂, whereas a commercial antibody eluent slowly eluted only about 70 % of the antibody. Exposure of antibody to saturated MgCl₂ for 30 min resulted in no loss of immunoactivity. Saturated MgCl₂, therefore, is an ideal eluent in immunoaffinity purification of antibodies.     

REPRODUCTIVE ATTRITION IN THE RARE CHAPARRAL SHRUB FREMONTODENDRON DECUMBENS LLOYD (STERCULIACEAE)

We examined reproductive attrition in Fremontodendron decumbens to characterize sexual reproduction in this rare California shrub. Reproductive individuals produced an average of 2,900 flower buds in a season, with no significant difference in bud production between two seasons. Because of intense insect predation, <;2% of initiated flower buds became mature fruits. A threefold decrease in predation of flower buds between seasons resulted in an increase in seed output the second season, indicating that seed production was partially predator-limited. Most seeds (97.8%) were dormant due to an impermeable seed coat. Breaking of the coat, mechanically or by heat, allowed high levels of germination. Chamise charate and ash added to the potting medium resulted in the highest level of germination and emergence. Rodents were more important than birds as seed predators, destroying 90% of seeds under parent shrub canopies within 8–10 months. Seeds already integrated into the seed bank were comparatively safe from predation, relative to newly added seeds. If predation was prevented, seeds were long-lived under field conditions (>;80% survived after 5.75 years). Most seedlings produced in unburned chaparral by planting heat-treated seeds in openings between shrubs were destroyed by predators (rodents and insects). All seedlings that escaped predation died during the summer drought. We concluded that sexual reproduction was limited by (in order of importance): 1) lack of fire, 2) predehiscence predation by insects, and 3) postdehiscence predation by rodents. Size distributions from two populations revealed that, despite the apparent absence of sexual reproduction in unbumed chaparral, two unbumed sites contained a large proportion of individuals in small size classes. Excavation of several small individuals demonstrated they were sprouts from the roots of nearby larger shrubs. Because asexual reproduction by rootsprouting circumvents the high attrition of sexual reproductive effort on unbumed sites, rootsprouting may be a significant reproductive strategy of some ‘sprouter’ species in chaparral.     

MUSOPSIS N. GEN.: A BANANA-LIKE LEAF GENUS FROM THE EARLY TERTIARY OF EASTERN NORTH GREENLAND

A fossil flora from the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Thyra Ø Formation of eastern North Greenland (paleolatitude 77° N) has yielded monocotyledon leaf impressions with characters seen only in the closely related modem species in the families of Heliconiaceae, Musaceae, and Strelitziaceae. The combination of large costae widths and parallel, nonanastomosing, lateral veins that depart at right angles from the costae in the fossil material are features present only in leaves of extant species from these families. Three basic venation patterns also are recognized in the modem species of these families, but except for the genera Strelitzia and Phenakospermum, none of these patterns are present exclusively in any one family. Musopsis n. gen. is created for the fossil material from Greenland, but it is considered a form genus due to the lack of gross morphological features that can be used for separating leaves of the modem genera in Heliconiaceae, Musaceae, and Strelitiziaceae. It is the first known Arctic occurrence of fossil leaf material resembling this modem group of taxa.     

Molecular cloning of mei-41, a gene that influences both somatic and germline chromosome metabolism of Drosophila melanogaster

The mei-41 gene of Drosophila melanogaster plays an essential role in meiosis, in the maintenance of somatic chromosome stability, in postreplication repair and in DNA double-strand break repair. This gene has been cytogenetically localized to polytene chromosome bands 14C4-6 using available chromosomal aberrations. About 60 kb of DNA sequence has been isolated following a bidirectional chromosomal walk that extends over the cytogenetic interval 14C1-6. The breakpoints of chromosomal aberrations identified within that walk establish that the entire mei-41 gene has been cloned. Two independently derived mei-41 mutants have been shown to carry P insertions within a single 2.2 kb fragment of the walk. Since revertants of those mutants have lost the P element sequences, an essential region of the mei-41 gene is present in that fragment. A 10.5 kb genomic fragment that spans the P insertion sites has been found to restore methyl methanesulfonate resistance and female fertility of the mei-41 ^D3 mutants. The results demonstrate that all the sequences required for the proper expression of the mei-41 gene are present on this genomic fragment. This study provides the foundation for molecular analysis of a function that is essential for chromosome stability in both the germline and somatic cells.This Paper is dedicated to the memory of Professor James B. Boyd     

Purification and structural characterization of insulin from a caecilian, Typhlonectes natans (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)

Despite the important position of amphibia in phylogeny, efforts at the structural characterization of amphibian neurohormonal peptides have largely been confined to the Anurans (frogs and toads). Insulin was purified from an extract of the pancreas of the caecilian, Typhlonectes natans. The primary structure of the peptide was established as:

A-chain: Gly-Ile-Val-Glu-Lys⁵-Cys-Cys-Leu-Ser-Thr¹⁰-Cys-Ser-Leu-Tyr-Glu¹⁵-Leu-Glu-Ser-Tyr-Cys²⁰-Asn

B-chain: Ile-Ala-Asn-Gln-His⁵-Leu-Cys-Gly-Ser-His¹⁰-Leu-Val-Glu-Ala-Leu¹⁵-Tyr-Leu-Val-Cys-Ala²⁰-Asp-Arg-Gly-Phe- Phe²⁵-Tyr-Thr-Pro-Lys-Ser³⁰

This amino acid sequence contains several unusual substitutions (Gln → Lys at A5, His → Leu at A8, Gln → Glu at A15, and Gly → Ala at B20) that are not present in other amphibian insulins. The structure of insulin appears to be less well conserved among the different orders of amphibia, compared with reptiles and birds.     

Regulation of sugar transport via the multiple sugar metabolism operon of Streptococcus mutans by the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system.

In this report, we provide evidence that the transport of sugars in Streptococcus mutans via the multiple sugar metabolism system is regulated by the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system. A ptsI-defective mutant (DC10), when grown on the multiple sugar metabolism system substrate raffinose, exhibited reduced growth, transport, and glycolytic activity with raffinose relative to the parent strain BM71. Inhibition of [3H]raffinose uptake was also observed in both BM71 and DC10 with increasing concentrations of glucose and the glucose analogs alpha-methyl glucoside and 2-deoxyglucose.     

Identification and chromosomal mapping of a third mouse runt-like locus

The Drosophila runt gene, which controls early events in embryogenesis, has been shown to have homologues in human and mouse. The human gene on 21q22 is involved in the t(8;21) associated with acute myeloid leukemia. Two mouse runt-like loci encoding DNA-binding proteins have been identified. We report here the isolation and partial sequence of a molecular clone of a third mouse runt-like locus. By using a panel of somatic cell hybrids and interspecific backcross mice, we map the novel locus to the telomeric region of mouse chromosome 4.