筇竹构件生物量积累分配特征及其与土壤物理性质的关系

以大关县3种土层深度0-40 cm、0-80 cm和0-120 cm的天然筇竹林为研究对象,在个体水平上研究了竹子构件生物量分配特征及其与土壤物理性质的相关关系,以期为筇竹林适宜立地条件选择、适地适竹及定向培育提供的理论指导。结果表明:(1)同一土层深度,土壤含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度均呈现出随土层增加而增加的趋势,而土壤容重和非毛管孔隙度则呈现出随土层增加而减少的趋势,且薄土层和厚土层各土壤物理因子差异显著(P＜0.05)。(2)随着土层厚度的增加,筇竹总生物量以及构件秆、枝、叶、蔸、鞭和根生物量表现出增加的趋势,且不同土层厚度差异显著(P＜0.05)。(3)随着土层厚度的增加,筇竹构件枝、叶、蔸、鞭、根生物量分配相应增加,秆生物量分配则相应减少,但各处理间差异并不显著(P＞0.05)。(4)土壤物理因子对筇竹构件生物量分配有着显著影响(P＜0.05),单一土壤物理因子对筇竹构件生物量分配特征的重要性大小排序为土壤含水量＞总孔隙度＞最大持水量＞容重＞毛管孔隙度＞毛管持水量＞非毛管孔隙度。结论:土壤物理因子沿土层厚度的变化对筇竹构件生物量分配产生了重要影响,在土壤物理性质较差的生境中,筇竹会优先将生物量分配给秆,并通过减少叶生物量来响应水分缺失的不利环境,这对筇竹林立地条件选择有指导意义,即筇竹宜选择较深厚土层经营,以促进生物量积累和种群生长。     

环京津城市群生态系统服务的时空演变与驱动因素

城市群已成为全球经济竞争的新空间单元,在促进城镇化建设,实现资源优质配置和发挥辐射带动作用等方面发挥着重要的功能。但剧烈的社会经济活动必然会对城市群生态系统服务造成破坏,因此开展城市群生态系统服务的时空演变研究,进而探索不同驱动因子对其的作用机制具有重要意义。目前,在已有的研究中缺少对城市群尺度和长时间跨度下的生态系统服务水平演变与驱动因素探究。为此,选取京津及环京津地区为研究区域,通过总结区域生态问题,构建起研究区域生态系统服务评价体系,并对2000-2018年生态系统服务进行计算,分析时空演变特征。然后,通过最小二乘法模型（Ordinary Least Squares,OLS）筛选出潜在的驱动因子,并导入地理加权回归模型（Geographically Weighted Regression,GWR）进行地理加权回归计算。最后,通过对结果分析,探讨自然和社会因子对生态系统服务的作用机制。研究结果表明：1）2000-2018年,研究区域生态系统服务呈现出先上升后下降,在2015年达到最高值的发展特征。2）在空间上,研究区域生态系统服务内总体上呈现燕山山脉及太行山山脉北部区域为生态系统服务的高值区域,坝上区域为低值区的空间分异特征。同时,生态系统服务演变在空间上呈现以燕山和太行山为界,燕山和太行山区域呈现先减弱后提升的趋势,西北区域整体呈现减弱趋势,东南区域从2015年起逐渐降低的空间演化特征。3）在驱动因素方面,自然环境和社会经济因素对生态系统服务的驱动作用从强到弱排列依次是：降雨量 > 土壤含沙 > 人口密度 > 温度 > 基础设施密度。4）其中,人口密度、土壤含沙量、基础设施呈较为明显的负相关驱动特征,降雨量呈较为明显的正相关驱动特征,温度则呈南部负相关,北部正相关,由东南向西北影响增强的趋势。本研究通过评估环京津城市群生态系统服务,分析区域生态系统服务的分析演变特征,并探索区域自然、社会因子对生态系统服务的驱动作用,为环京津城市群未来的生态环境保护和规划策略制定提供了科学指导和决策依据。     

Allele-specific copy number profiling by next-generation DNA sequencing

The progression and clonal development of tumors often involve amplifications and deletions of genomic DNA. Estimation of allele-specific copy number, which quantifies the number of copies of each allele at each variant loci rather than the total number of chromosome copies, is an important step in the characterization of tumor genomes and the inference of their clonal history. We describe a new method, falcon, for finding somatic allele-specific copy number changes by next generation sequencing of tumors with matched normals. falcon is based on a change-point model on a bivariate mixed Binomial process, which explicitly models the copy numbers of the two chromosome haplotypes and corrects for local allele-specific coverage biases. By using the Binomial distribution rather than a normal approximation, falcon more effectively pools evidence from sites with low coverage. A modified Bayesian information criterion is used to guide model selection for determining the number of copy number events. Falcon is evaluated on in silico spike-in data and applied to the analysis of a pre-malignant colon tumor sample and late-stage colorectal adenocarcinoma from the same individual. The allele-specific copy number estimates obtained by falcon allows us to draw detailed conclusions regarding the clonal history of the individual''s colon cancer.     

The expression level of anthocyanidin synthase determines the anthocyanin content of crabapple (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Malus</Emphasis> sp.) petals

In addition to contributing to the coloration of plant organs and their defense against herbivores, the consumption of anthocyanins in the human diet has a number of health benefits. Crabapple (Malus sp.) represents a valuable experimental model system to research the mechanisms and regulation of anthocyanin accumulation, in part due to the often vivid and varied petal and leaf coloration that is exhibited by various cultivars. The enzyme anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) plays a pivotal role in anthocyanin biosynthesis; however, the relationship between ANS expression and petal pigmentation has yet to be established in crabapple. To illuminate the mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in crabapple petals, we evaluated the expression of two crabapple ANS allelic genes (McANS-1 and McANS-2) and the levels of anthocyanins in petals from cultivars with dark red (‘Royalty’) and white (‘Flame’) petals, as well as another (‘Radiant’) whose petals have an intermediate pink color. We determined that the expression of McANS in the three cultivars correlated with the variation of anthocyanin accumulation during different petal developmental stages. Furthermore, transgenic tobacco plants constitutively overexpressing one of the two McANS genes, McANS-1, had showed elevated anthocyanin accumulation and a deeper red coloration in their petals than those from untransformed control lines. In conclusion, we propose that McANS are responsible for anthocyanin accumulation during petal coloration in different crabapple cultivars.