Anticancer drugs cause release of exosomes with heat shock proteins from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells that elicit effective natural killer cell antitumor responses in vitro

Failure of immune surveillance related to inadequate host antitumor immune responses has been suggested as a possible cause of the high incidence of recurrence and poor overall survival outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma. The stress-induced heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to act as endogenous "danger signals" that can improve tumor immunogenicity and induce natural killer (NK) cell responses. Exosome is a novel secretory pathway for HSPs. In our experiments, the immune regulatory effect of the HSP-bearing exosomes secreted by human hepatocellular carcinoma cells under stress conditions on NK cells was studied. ELISA results showed that the production of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 was up-regulated in both cell lines in a stress-specific manner. After exposure to hepatocellular carcinoma cell-resistant or sensitive anticancer drugs (hereafter referred to as "resistant" or "sensitive" anticancer drug), the membrane microvesicles were actively released by hepatocellular carcinoma cells, differing in their ability to present HSPs on the cell surface, which were characterized as exosomes. Acting as a decoy, the HSP-bearing exosomes efficiently stimulated NK cell cytotoxicity and granzyme B production, up-regulated the expression of inhibitory receptor CD94, and down-regulated the expression of activating receptors CD69, NKG2D, and NKp44. Notably, resistant anticancer drugs enhanced exosome release and generated more exosome-carried HSPs, which augmented the activation of the cytotoxic response. In summary, our findings demonstrated that exosomes derived from resistant anticancer drug-treated HepG2 cells conferred superior immunogenicity in inducing HSP-specific NK cell responses, which provided a clue for finding an efficient vaccine for hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy.     

丹参壮苗指数及其模拟模型

通过对丹参幼苗各数量性状及比值与幼苗质量的相关性分析,确定有代表性的可以反映幼苗质量的数量性状指标,同时结合关联度分析确定适于丹参幼苗的壮苗指数,并依据丹参壮苗指数与气温、光辐射和空气湿度的关系,建立了基于环境影响因子积的丹参幼苗壮苗指数模拟模型,再利用不同播期和试验地试验资料对模型进行检验.结果表明:根粗、茎粗、地上部干质量、根干质量和全株干质量等数量性状与其他性状相关性显著,而且性状稳定,容易测量,可以作为衡量壮苗的指标性状.丹参幼苗的壮苗指数=(茎粗/根粗+根干质量/地上部干质量)×全株干质量.其中,全株干质量、根干质量、地上部干质量和茎粗与壮苗指数的关联度较大,该壮苗指数可以较好地反映丹参幼苗质量.壮苗指数模型对丹参壮苗指数的预测值与实测值之间基于1∶1直线的R2=0.95,RMSE=0.15,模型能较为准确地反映实际壮苗指数与环境因子之间的定量关系.     

无瓣海桑模拟湿地系统对污水的争化效应

在温室中建立红树林植物无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham)模拟湿地系统,分别用正常浓度(SW)、5倍浓度(FW)和10倍浓度(TW)3种人工配制的生活污水定时定量对模拟系统污灌4个月,无瓣海桑模拟湿地系统对人工合成污水中污染物总净化率平均为N 84.6%,P 91.2%,Cd 91.2%,Pb 94.8%,Zn 84.9%,Cu 87.1%,其中土壤子系统在总净化率中所占比例平均为N 54.5%,P 76.5%,Cd 99.1%,Pb 99.6%,Zn 99.3%,Cu 99.2%.重金属有99%以上是积累在土壤中,表明土壤子系统是本模拟湿地系统净化的主体,这也是植物借以避免污染物伤害的原因之一.与不栽种植物的比较,栽种无瓣海桑的系统中土壤子系统的重金属净化率高,说明红树植物在模拟湿地净化系统中起了重要作用.由于土壤中N、P被无瓣海桑吸收用于生长,栽种了无瓣海桑的土壤子系统的积累量比不栽种的子系统少.     

The tkNeo gene, but not the pgkPuro gene, can influence the ability of the beta-globin LCR to enhance and confer position-independent expression onto the beta-globin gene

Whether drug-selectable genes can influence expression of the beta-globin gene linked to its LCR was assessed here. With the tkNeo gene placed in cis and used to select transfected cells, the beta-globin gene was expressed fourfold lower when it was positioned upstream of the LCR rather than downstream. This difference did not occur when the pgkPuro gene replaced tkNeo. Moreover, the beta-globin gene situated upstream of the LCR was transcribed without position effects when it was cotransfected with a pgkPuro-containing plasmid, whereas cotransfection with a tkNeo plasmid gave measurable position effects. Previous results from transfected cells selected via a linked tkNeo gene suggested that the 3' end of the beta-globin gene has no impact on LCR-enhanced expression. Here, removal of the 3' end of the beta-globin gene resulted in lower and much more variable expression in both transgenic mice and cells cotransfected with pgkPuro. Together, the results suggest that tkNeo, but not pgkPuro, can strongly influence expression of the beta-globin gene linked to its LCR. The findings could partly explain why data on beta-globin gene regulation obtained from transfected cells have often not agreed with those obtained using transgenic mice. Hence, one must be careful in choosing a drug-selectable gene for cell transfection studies.     

青春双歧杆菌对1型糖尿病小鼠胰岛β细胞的保护作用

目的 探讨青春双歧杆菌对1型糖尿病小鼠胰岛β细胞的保护作用.方法 给予1型糖尿病小鼠口服青春双歧杆菌,观察实验组和对照组体重的变化及糖尿病发病率.ELISA法测定血清、脾细胞上清IL-4和IFN-γ浓度,电镜观察胰岛超微结构变化.结果 15周龄时实验组体重(23.41±1.64)g, 而对照组为(22.31±1.32)g(P<0.05);实验组发病率低于对照组(P＜0.05);实验组血清、脾细胞上清IL-4浓度明显高于对照组,而IFN-γ低于对照组(P<0.05);对照组残存胰岛的β细胞数目稀少,有核膜和内浆网扩张、核糖体脱颗粒和分泌颗粒空泡样变等超微结构异常,而实验组胰岛β细胞数显著多于对照组(P<0.05),且无上述超微异常.结论 青春双歧杆菌通过上调IL-4水平,降低IFN-γ水平,促使免疫平衡向Th2方向偏移,且有保护胰岛β细胞超微结构的作用,在一定程度上可预防和延缓NOD鼠糖尿病的发生.     

苦瓜的核糖体失活蛋白

核糖体失活蛋白是一类专一修饰核糖体的大亚基rRNA从而抑制蛋白质生物合成的蛋白毒素,可分为Ⅰ-型和Ⅱ-型两种类型。苦瓜中含有多种Ⅰ-型核糖体失活蛋白,如α-苦瓜素,β-苦瓜素和MAP30等,这些蛋白成分具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒和抗艾滋病等功能,因而近年来引起人们广泛的关注。对苦瓜核糖体失活蛋白的研究进展和应用前景进行了综述。     

国产血清半乳甘露聚糖检测试剂对侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的诊断价值评估

目的：评估国产血清半乳甘露聚糖（Galactomannan,GM）检测试剂对侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的诊断价值。方法根据血液病/恶性肿瘤患者侵袭性真菌病的诊断标准与治疗原则（第四次修订版）[1]收集临床确诊侵袭性肺曲霉菌病（inva-sive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA）、临床诊断IPA、拟诊IPA、排除IPA四组病例。采用天津贻诺琦公司酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）试剂检测纳入的86例患者血清标本的GM浓度,分析其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值（PPV）、阴性预测值（NPV）。结果86例病例中,临床诊断27例、拟诊12例、排除47例。在3种不同的阳性判断标准下,敏感性：9444%、9630%、6296%;特异性：5625%、4576%、6441%;PPV：4474%、4483%、4474%;NPV：9643%、9643%、7917%。统计学分析证实标准1（即血清GM值〉095μg/L为阳性,〈075μg/L为阴性,075~095μg/L为灰区,未将灰区加入计算）在3种判断标准中最优,故选择其为最终判断标准。结论该血清GM检测试剂盒诊断性能较好,可以用于侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的辅助诊断。     

117例医院真菌感染分析及预防

目的 了解佛山市南海人民医院真菌感染的分布,探讨有效预防和控制真菌感染的措施。方法 对该院117例真菌感染病例作回顾性分析。结果 3583例送检标本中真菌检出率为3．27％（117／3583）,医院内真菌感染率为2．95％（106／3583）。分离出真菌以白色念珠菌为主（70／117．59．8％）、热带念珠菌次之（17／117,14．5％）、霉菌居第3位（9／117．7．69％）。药敏显示：5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B和制霉素敏感率较高,分别为92．4％、93．3％和92．5％,咪康唑、酮康唑和益康唑敏感率较低．为52．0％、49．0％和36．0％。结论 医院内真菌感染占真菌感染绝大部分,感染真菌以白色念珠菌为主。感染部位以呼吸道为主;临床规范、合理使用广谱抗生素,加强消毒护理工作。是预防控制真菌感染发生的最有效措施。     

四氯化碳损伤成年大鼠肝细胞后原癌基因（c－fos／c－jun）表达的观察

用四氯化碳（ＣＣｌ４）损伤正常大鼠后,采用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹法和免疫组化法观察肝细胞原癌基因（ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ）的表达。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹法表明,当成年大鼠的静息期肝细胞受到ＣＣｌ４损伤性刺激后,ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ产物（Ｆｏｓ和Ｊｕｎ）水平升高,在ＣＣｌ４处理后３０ｍｉｎ开始升高,在４ｈ时消失。８ｈ后Ｆｏｓ／Ｊｕｎ再度出现,并持续２４ｈ以上。ＩＣＣ法表明,Ｊｕｎ阳性细胞为靠近肝中央静脉区的肝实质细胞。根据上述资料推测,肝受ＣＣｌ４损伤后肝细胞的原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ出现即时的与滞后的两次表达,这与肝细胞进入细胞周期有关,这种基因表达也许可作为肝再生过程中识别特殊体液因子的标志。     

细胞色素P450介导抗性的进化可塑性

细胞色素P450是超基因家族,由其介导的杀虫剂代谢解毒的增强是昆虫产生抗药性的普遍而主要的机制。近年的研究表明,细胞色素P450介导的代谢抗性表现出一定程度的进化可塑性:即使是同种昆虫的不同种群在相同种类杀虫剂的胁迫下,进化选择出的抗性相关的细胞色素P450也有所不同,抗性的产生也可以是几种不同细胞色素P450协同作用或控制P450表达的调控因子的不同。