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Introduction
Visualization of tumor angiogenesis using radionuclide targeting provides important diagnostic information. In previous study, we proved that an arginine-arginine-leucine (RRL) peptide should be a tumor endothelial cell specific binding sequence. The overall aim of this study was to evaluate whether 99mTc-radiolabeled RRL could be noninvasively used for imaging of malignant tumors in vivo, and act as a new molecular probe targeting tumor angiogenesis.Methods
The RRL peptide was designed and radiosynthesized with 99mTc by a one-step method. The radiolabeling efficiency and radiochemical purity were then characterized in vitro. 99mTc-RRL was injected intravenously in HepG2 xenograft-bearing BALB/c nude mice. Biodistribution and in vivo imaging were performed periodically. The relationship between tumor size and %ID uptake of 99mTc-RRL was also explored.Results
The labeling efficiencies of 99mTc-RRL reached 76.9%±4.5% (n = 6) within 30–60 min at room temperature, and the radiochemical purity exceeded 96% after purification. In vitro stability experiment revealed the radiolabeled peptide was stable. Biodistribution data showed that 99mTc-RRL rapidly cleared from the blood and predominantly accumulated in the kidneys and tumor. The specific uptake of 99mTc-RRL in tumor was significantly higher than that of unlabeled RRL blocking and free pertechnetate control test after injection (p<0.05). The ratio of the tumor-to-muscle exceeded 6.5, tumor-to-liver reached 1.98 and tumor-to-blood reached 1.95. In planar gamma imaging study, the tumors were imaged clearly at 2–6 h after injection of 99mTc-RRL, whereas the tumor was not imaged clearly in blocking group. The tumor-to-muscle ratio of images with 99mTc-RRL was comparable with that of 18F-FDG PET images. Immunohistochemical analysis verified the excessive vasculature of tumor. There was a linear relationship between the tumor size and uptake of 99mTc-RRL with R2 = 0.821.Conclusion
99mTc-RRL can be used as a potential candidate for visualization of tumor angiogenesis in malignant carcinomas. 相似文献HIV preferentially infects activated CD4+ T cells. Current antiretroviral therapy cannot eradicate the virus. Viral infection of other cells such as macrophages may contribute to viral persistence during antiretroviral therapy. In addition to cell-free virus infection, macrophages can also get infected when engulfing infected CD4+ T cells as innate immune sentinels. How macrophages affect the dynamics of HIV infection remains unclear. In this paper, we develop an HIV model that includes the infection of CD4+ T cells and macrophages via cell-free virus infection and cell-to-cell viral transmission. We derive the basic reproduction number and obtain the local and global stability of the steady states. Sensitivity and viral dynamics simulations show that even when the infection of CD4+ T cells is completely blocked by therapy, virus can still persist and the steady-state viral load is not sensitive to the change of treatment efficacy. Analysis of the relative contributions to viral replication shows that cell-free virus infection leads to the majority of macrophage infection. Viral transmission from infected CD4+ T cells to macrophages during engulfment accounts for a small fraction of the macrophage infection and has a negligible effect on the total viral production. These results suggest that macrophage infection can be a source contributing to HIV persistence during suppressive therapy. Improving drug efficacies in heterogeneous target cells is crucial for achieving HIV eradication in infected individuals.
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