全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5939篇 |
免费 | 459篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
6400篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 17篇 |
2022年 | 39篇 |
2021年 | 71篇 |
2020年 | 50篇 |
2019年 | 52篇 |
2018年 | 80篇 |
2017年 | 70篇 |
2016年 | 119篇 |
2015年 | 186篇 |
2014年 | 262篇 |
2013年 | 350篇 |
2012年 | 353篇 |
2011年 | 392篇 |
2010年 | 270篇 |
2009年 | 258篇 |
2008年 | 346篇 |
2007年 | 376篇 |
2006年 | 345篇 |
2005年 | 350篇 |
2004年 | 312篇 |
2003年 | 290篇 |
2002年 | 307篇 |
2001年 | 69篇 |
2000年 | 59篇 |
1999年 | 85篇 |
1998年 | 109篇 |
1997年 | 87篇 |
1996年 | 76篇 |
1995年 | 62篇 |
1994年 | 64篇 |
1993年 | 68篇 |
1992年 | 55篇 |
1991年 | 59篇 |
1990年 | 45篇 |
1989年 | 59篇 |
1988年 | 47篇 |
1987年 | 33篇 |
1986年 | 47篇 |
1985年 | 35篇 |
1984年 | 32篇 |
1983年 | 24篇 |
1982年 | 54篇 |
1981年 | 33篇 |
1980年 | 35篇 |
1979年 | 27篇 |
1978年 | 18篇 |
1977年 | 24篇 |
1976年 | 19篇 |
1975年 | 23篇 |
1972年 | 20篇 |
排序方式: 共有6400条查询结果,搜索用时 9 毫秒
91.
Guillermo LpezDomnech Jack H Howden Christian CovillCooke Corinne Morfill Jigna V Patel Roland Bürli Damian Crowther Nicol Birsa Nicholas J Brandon Josef T Kittler 《The EMBO journal》2021,40(14)
Clearance of mitochondria following damage is critical for neuronal homeostasis. Here, we investigate the role of Miro proteins in mitochondrial turnover by the PINK1/Parkin mitochondrial quality control system in vitro and in vivo. We find that upon mitochondrial damage, Miro is promiscuously ubiquitinated on multiple lysine residues. Genetic deletion of Miro or block of Miro1 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation lead to delayed translocation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin onto damaged mitochondria and reduced mitochondrial clearance in both fibroblasts and cultured neurons. Disrupted mitophagy in vivo, upon post‐natal knockout of Miro1 in hippocampus and cortex, leads to a dramatic increase in mitofusin levels, the appearance of enlarged and hyperfused mitochondria and hyperactivation of the integrated stress response (ISR). Altogether, our results provide new insights into the central role of Miro1 in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and further implicate Miro1 dysfunction in the pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative disease. 相似文献
92.
Lacher M Kappler R Berkholz S Baurecht H von Schweinitz D Koletzko S 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2007,363(3):701-707
Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the etiopathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). To identify new susceptibility genes, we determined the mRNA expression level of 88 genes from different biological contexts on colonic biopsies of CD and UC patients. We show that CXCL9 was overexpressed in colonic tissue of 3/5 CD and 3/3 UC patients compared to healthy controls. SNP genotyping for the 77147452G-->A polymorphism of the CXCL9 gene on 114 pediatric IBD patients and 120 ethnically matched unaffected adults detected a minor allele frequency of 20.3% in CD patients compared to 31.3% in controls (p=0.016). Strikingly, children with homozygosity for the wild-type allele had a significant earlier onset of CD than heterozygous individuals (11.1 versus 13.8 years). This is the first report of inverse association of the CXCL9 77147452G-->A polymorphism with pediatric CD. Our data may contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying CD. 相似文献
93.
Studer B Boller B Bauer E Posselt UK Widmer F Kölliker R 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2007,115(1):9-17
Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii, is one of the most important diseases of temperate forage grasses, such as ryegrasses (Lolium spp.), affecting yield and nutritional quality. Therefore, resistance to crown rust is a major goal in ryegrass breeding
programmes. In a two-way pseudo-testcross population consisting of 306 Lolium multiflorum individuals, multisite field evaluations as well as alternative methods based on artificial inoculation with natural inoculate
in controlled environments were used to identify QTLs controlling resistance to crown rust. Disease scores obtained from glasshouse
and leaf segment test (LST) evaluations were highly correlated with scores from a multisite field assessment (r = 0.66 and 0.79, P < 0.01, respectively) and thus confirmed suitability of these methods for crown rust investigations. Moreover, QTL mapping
based on a linkage map consisting of 368 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers
revealed similar results across different phenotyping methods. Two major QTLs were consistently detected on linkage group
(LG) 1 and LG 2, explaining up to 56% of total phenotypic variance (V
p). Nevertheless, differences between position and magnitude of QTLs were observed among individual field locations and suggested
the existence of specific local pathogen populations. The present study not only compared QTL results among crown rust evaluation
methods and environments, but also identified molecular markers closely linked to previously undescribed QTLs for crown rust
resistance in Italian ryegrass with the potential to be applied in marker-assisted forage crop breeding.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
94.
Zusammenfassung Im Bereich des Meßtischblattes Bad Wildungen (MTB 4820; grundlegende DatenMann 1983,Lübcke &Mann 1984) bevorzugt der Neuntöter Viehweiden (Abb. 3). Reviere an Viehweiden zeigen eine längere kontinuierliche Besetzungszeit (Abb. 4) im Vergleich zu anderen Nutzungsformen. Die Anzahl flügger Jungvögel ist in Viehweiderevieren größer im Gegensatz zu Revieren an Mähwiesen oder Brachflächen (Abb. 5). Dieser Unterschied des Reproduktionserfolges liegt nicht an unterschiedlichen Nahrungsdichten (Abb. 6), sondern an der besseren Zugänglichkeit.
Reihenfolge alphabetisch und umgekehrt proportional zur geleisteten Arbeit: R. B. Auswertung, W. L. & W. M. Kartierung, W. M. Brut- und Nahrungsbiologie. Sonderdruckanforderungen an R. B. 相似文献
Habitat selection in the Red-backed ShrikeLanius collurio
Summary In the area of Bad Wildungen (FRG; Hessia; MTB 4820; basic data inMann 1983,Lübcke &Mann 1984) the Red-backed Shrike selects for pastures (Abb. 3). Territories at pastures show a longer continual occupation in comparison to other land use systems (Abb. 4). The number of fledgelings is higher at pastures in comparison to meadows or fallow land (Abb. 5). This difference is not caused by higher insect densities (Abb. 6) but by better accessible prey due to permanent low vegetation at pastures.
Reihenfolge alphabetisch und umgekehrt proportional zur geleisteten Arbeit: R. B. Auswertung, W. L. & W. M. Kartierung, W. M. Brut- und Nahrungsbiologie. Sonderdruckanforderungen an R. B. 相似文献
95.
Inhibition of o(2) consumption resistant to cyanide and its development by N-propyl gallate and salicylhydroxamic Acid 下载免费PDF全文
Kinetics of inhibition of cyanide-insensitive O2 uptake by n-propyl gallate (PG) and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) were determined in fresh slices from ethylene-treated tubers of Solanum tuberosum `Norchip' and with mitochondria and lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) isolated from these tubers. PG and SHAM appeared to be inhibiting at identical sites in mitochondria but at disparate sites in slices. The apparent KI for SHAM was similar in mitochondria and slices. However, the apparent KI for PG in mitochondria was about 40-fold lower than the KI for PG inhibition of lipoxygenase activity. The amount of lipoxygenase associated with mitochondria increased when tubers were treated with ethylene. PG, but not SHAM, inhibited aging-induced development of cyanide-insensitive respiration. The latter two phenomena are in accord with the hypothesis that lipid metabolism is required for the development of the alternative pathway. 相似文献
96.
Roland Moll Ingrid Moll Werner W. Franke 《Differentiation; research in biological diversity》1984,28(2):136-154
Merkel cells are special neurosecretory cells which, in adult human skin, are usually very scarce. By immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to human cytokeratin polypeptide no. 18, we localized distinct non-keratinocyte cells in the glandular ridges of human fetal and adult plantar epidermis. Using electron and immunofluorescence microscopy, these cells were identified as Merkel cells containing typical neurosecretory granules as well as bundles of intermediate-sized filaments and desmosomes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the cytoskeletal fractions of microdissected epidermal preparations highly enriched in Merkel cells indicated the presence of cytokeratin polypeptides nos. 8, 18 and 19 which are typical of diverse simple epithelia of the human body. Double immunofluorescence microscopy showed that these human Merkel cells contain neither neurofilaments nor vimentin filaments. In human fetuses of 18-24 weeks of age, conspicuously high concentrations of Merkel cells, reaching a density of approximately 1,700 Merkel cells/mm2 skin, were found in the glandular ridges of plantar skin. The concentration decreased considerably at newborn and adult stages. Thin cell processes (up to 20 microns long) were observed in many fetal epidermal Merkel cells. In addition, we detected isolated Merkel cells deeper in the dermis (i.e. at distances of, at most, 100 microns from the epidermis) in fetal and newborn plantar skin. Our results show that Merkel cells are true epithelial cells which, however, differ profoundly from epidermal keratinocytes in their cytokeratin expression. The findings are discussed in relation to the much disputed question of the origin of Merkel cells. The present data speak against the immigration of Merkel cells from the neural crest, but rather suggest that they originate from epithelial cells of the skin, although most probably not from differentiated keratinocytes. 相似文献
97.
98.
99.
Helmut Segner Roland Marthaler Michael Linnenbach 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1988,21(2):153-159
Synopsis Young (7–10 days after hatching) brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed for 5 days to pH 5 in high calcium water and at 2 temperatures (12°, 4°C) in the laboratory displayed no alterations
in growth or in mucous cell concentration and volume, compared to the control group kept at pH 7.2. Contamination of acid-stressed
young with 230 μg All-1 resulted in significant growth depression and Al accumulation, but in no changes of mucous cell morphometrics. Field tests
in low calcium water produced high mortality at low pH (5.1), but showed consistent effects on mucous cells as in laboratory
experiments. Three-month-old juveniles of brown trout, subjected to decreased pH values at 12° and in high calcium water for
8 days exhibited mucous cell hyperplasia (without hypertrophy) within 3 h of the acid addition. After 120 h sloughing of the
integument occurred with full recovery not possible within a 4-day-recovery period. Although the results presently apply only
to hard water conditions, the differences between juveniles and recently hatched young in tolerance to pH- and Al-mediated
stress may also be of importance for soft waters affected by acid rain. 相似文献
100.
Coupling GIS and LCA for biodiversity assessments of land use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roland Geyer David M. Stoms Jan P. Lindner Frank W. Davis Bastian Wittstock 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(5):454-467