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101.
Sandrine MJ. Camus Céline Rochais Catherine Blois-Heulin Qin Li Martine Hausberger Erwan Bezard 《PloS one》2013,8(7)
Background
Adverse early-life experience might lead to the expression of abnormal behaviours in animals and the predisposition to psychiatric disorder (e.g. major depressive disorder) in Humans. Common breeding processes employ weaning and housing conditions different from what happens in the wild.Methods
The present study, therefore, investigated whether birth origin impacts the possible existence of spontaneous atypical/abnormal behaviours displayed by 40 captive-born and 40 wild-born socially-housed cynomolgus macaques in farming conditions using an unbiased ethological scan-sampling analysis followed by multifactorial correspondence and hierarchical clustering analyses.Results
We identified 10 distinct profiles (groups A to J) that significantly differed on several behaviours, body postures, body orientations, distances between individuals and locations in the cage. Data suggest that 4 captive-born and 1 wild-born animals (groups G and J) present depressive-like symptoms, unnatural early life events thereby increasing the risk of developing pathological symptoms. General differences were also highlighted between the captive- and wild-born populations, implying the expression of differential coping mechanisms in response to the same captive environment.Conclusions
Birth origin thus impacts the development of atypical ethologically-defined behavioural profiles, reminiscent of certain depressive-like symptoms. The use of unbiased behavioural observations might allow the identification of animal models of human mental/behavioural disorders and their most appropriate control groups. 相似文献102.
103.
Sasmal S Balasubrahmanyam D Kanna Reddy HR Balaji G Srinivas G Cheera S Abbineni C Sasmal PK Khanna I Sebastian VJ Jadhav VP Singh MP Talwar R Suresh J Shashikumar D Harinder Reddy K Sihorkar V Frimurer TM Rist Ø Elster L Högberg T 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2012,22(9):3163-3167
Melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists have potential for the treatment of obesity and several CNS disorders. In the preceding article, we have described a novel series of quinazolines as MCHR1 antagonists and demonstrated in vivo proof of principle with an early lead. Herein we describe the detailed SAR and SPR studies to identify an optimized lead candidate having good efficacy in a sub-chronic DIO model with a good cardiovascular safety window. 相似文献
104.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Traditional medicine (TM) occupies a special place in the management of diseases in Uganda. Not with standing the many people relying on TM, indigenous knowledge (IK) related to TM is getting steadily eroded. To slow down this loss it is necessary to document and conserve as much of the knowledge as possible. This study was conducted to document the IK relevant to traditional medicine in the districts of Mukono, Nakapiripirit, Kanungu and Pallisa, in Uganda. METHODS: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between October 2008 and February 2009 using techniques of key informant interviews and household interviews. RESULTS: The common diseases and conditions in the four districts include malaria, cough, headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flu, backache and eye diseases. Respondents stated that when they fall sick they self medicate using plant medicines or consult western-trained medicine practitioners. Self medication using herbal medicines was reported mostly by respondents of Nakapiripirit and Mukono. Respondents have knowledge to treat 78 ailments using herbal medicines. 44 species, mentioned by three or more respondents have been prioritized. The most frequently used part in herbal medicines is the leaf, followed by the stem and root. People sometime use animal parts, soil, salt and water from a grass roof, in traditional medicines. Herbal medicines are stored for short periods of time in bottles. The knowledge to treat ailments is acquired from parents and grandparents. Respondents' age and tribe appears to have a significant influence on knowledge of herbal medicine, while gender does not. CONCLUSION: This survey has indicated that IK associated with TM stills exists and that TM is still important in Uganda because many people use it as a first line of health care when they fall sick. Age and tribe influence the level of IK associated with herbal medicine, but gender does not. 相似文献
105.
Sébastien J. Puechmaille Benjamin Allegrini Emma S.M. Boston Marie-Jo Dubourg-Savage Allowen Evin Alexandre Knochel Yann Le Bris Vincent Lecoq Michèle Lemaire Delphine Rist Emma C. Teeling 《Mammalian Biology》2012,77(3):224-228
In recent years, new cryptic mammalian species have been discovered in Europe, many of which belong to the order Chiroptera. Within this order, some species such as Myotis nattereri contain several cryptic lineages/species, especially in the Mediterranean region. Here we present genetic, phylogenetic and morphological analysis on the Myotis nattereri species complex, focusing on France which is thought to be a contact zone for the different lineages/species. We sequenced the full Cytochrome b gene from individuals from 23 localities and investigated diagnostic morphological characteristics. Our results reveal new phylogenetic relationships within the Myotis nattereri species complex and among closely related species. We discuss morphological characters which are synapomorphic to each lineage and can be used to differentiate them. Our results also demonstrate the presence of a new lineage within the Myotis nattereri species complex. This lineage, endemic to Corsica, possibly represents a new cryptic species for which we present preliminary ecological data. We further identify the presence of three lineages/species in France and detail their distribution with potential contact zones. 相似文献
106.
Kristof Theys Koen Deforche Jurgen Vercauteren Pieter Libin David AMC van de Vijver Jan Albert Birgitta ?sj? Claudia Balotta Marie Bruckova Ricardo J Camacho Bonaventura Clotet Suzie Coughlan Zehava Grossman Osamah Hamouda Andrzei Horban Klaus Korn Leondios G Kostrikis Claudia Kücherer Claus Nielsen Dimitrios Paraskevis Mario Poljak Elisabeth Puchhammer-Stockl Chiara Riva Lidia Ruiz Kirsi Liitsola Jean-Claude Schmit Rob Schuurman Anders S?nnerborg Danica Stanekova Maja Stanojevic Daniel Struck Kristel Van Laethem Annemarie MJ Wensing Charles AB Boucher Anne-Mieke Vandamme 《Retrovirology》2012,9(1):1-13
Background
Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2) is a cellular factor that restricts the egress of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) from the surface of infected cells, preventing infection of new cells. BST-2 is variably expressed in most cell types, and its expression is enhanced by cytokines such as type I interferon alpha (IFN-??). In this present study, we used the beta-retrovirus, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) as a model to examine the role of mouse BST-2 in host infection in vivo.Results
By using RNA interference, we show that loss of BST-2 enhances MMTV replication in cultured mammary tumor cells and in vivo. In cultured cells, BST-2 inhibits virus accumulation in the culture medium, and co-localizes at the cell surface with virus structural proteins. Furthermore, both scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) show that MMTV accumulates on the surface of IFN??-stimulated cells.Conclusions
Our data provide evidence that BST-2 restricts MMTV release from naturally infected cells and that BST-2 is an antiviral factor in vivo. 相似文献107.
108.
Transport of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) in rat red blood cells (RBCs) has been examined at 24 degrees C. The Km and Vm of zero-trans net uptake are 2.3 +/- 0.48 mM and 0.055 +/- 0.003 mumol (ml cell water)-1) min-1, whereas the Km and Vm for net exit are 2.1 +/- 0.12 mM and 0.12 +/- 0.01 mumol (ml cell water)-1 min-1. The Km and Vm for infinite-trans exchange uptake are 2.24 +/- 0.14 mM and 0.20 +/- 0.04 mumol (ml cell water)-1 min-1. In agreement with Whitesell et al. (Abumrad, N.A., Briscoe, P., Beth, A.H. and Whitesell, R.R. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 938, 222-230), we find that there is no significant acceleration of the rate of exchange exit over net exit. Substitution of D2O for water results in an increase in the Vm for zero-trans net uptake to 0.091 +/- 0.004 mumol (ml cell water)-1 min-1. There is no change in the Vm or Km for exchange uptake or net or exchange exit. Counterflow experiments indicate, in agreement with Helgerson and Carruthers (1989) Biochemistry 28, 4580-4594), that there is some compartmentalization of 3-OMG within the cells, perhaps resulting from slow complexation of the sugar with some intracellular component. The data can be simulated by assuming that transport across the membrane is mediated by either a fixed 2-site, or an alternating 1-site symmetrical transporter. With both models the observed asymmetries in net and exchange kinetics and in counterflow can be ascribed entirely to the complexation reaction of the sugar to an intracellular component. Also the D2O effects can entirely be attributed to an increase in the rate of sugar movement between bound and free compartments. 相似文献
109.
S. H. Lim A. C. Newland S. Kelsey A. Bell E. Offerman C. Rist D. Gozzard D. Bareford M. P. Smith A. H. Goldstone 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1992,34(5):337-342
Summary A group of 13 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia of differing disease status were treated with continuous intravenous infusion of high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). There was up-regulation of the cellular cytotoxic functions in all these patients following the rIL-2 therapy, with increase in the natural killer (NK) activity, lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, induction of cytotoxicity-linked cytoplasmic serine esterase and lymphocyte activation. However, the clinical response to rIL-2 in these patients was disappointing, especially in patients treated in frank relapse. Although 1 patient treated in early second relapse achieved a third complete remission, the duration of the remission was brief and lasted only 6 months. Adverse reactions among these patients were common. Whether or not lymphokine-activated killer cells are needed to improve the response rate over rIL-2 alone in these patients deserves further investigation. 相似文献
110.
Tracey E Toms Vasileios F Panoulas Karen MJ Douglas Helen R Griffiths George D Kitas 《Arthritis research & therapy》2008,10(6):1-8
Lupus nephritis is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus, but little is known about the pathogenic processes that underlie the progressive decay in renal function. A common finding in lupus nephritis is thickening of glomerular basement membranes associated with immune complex deposition. It has been speculated that alterations in the synthesis or degradation of membrane components might contribute to such changes, and thereby to initiation and progression of nephritis through facilitation of immune complex deposition. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that are intimately involved in the turnover of major glomerular basement membrane constituents, including collagen IV and laminins. Alterations in the expression and activity of MMPs have been described in a number of renal diseases, suggesting their relevance to the pathogenesis of various glomerulopathies. The same is true for their natural inhibitors, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase family. Recent data from our group have identified an increase in proteolytic activity within the glomerulus coinciding with the development of proteinuria in the mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. (NXB × NZW)F1 Here we review current understanding of MMP/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase function within the kidney, and discuss their possible involvement in the development and progression of lupus nephritis. 相似文献