Glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms and disease activity during pregnancy and the postpartum period in rheumatoid arthritis

Introduction

The mechanism underlying the spontaneous improvement of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during pregnancy and the subsequent postpartum flare is incompletely understood, and the disease course varies widely between pregnant RA patients. In pregnancy, total and free levels of cortisol increase gradually, followed by a postpartum decrease to prepregnancy values. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) polymorphisms BclI and N363S are associated with relatively increased glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity, whereas the 9β and ER22/23EK polymorphisms of the GR gene are associated with a relatively decreased GC sensitivity. We examined the relation between the presence of these GR polymorphisms and level of disease activity and disease course of RA during pregnancy and postpartum.

Methods

We studied 147 participants of the PARA study (Pregnancy-Induced Amelioration of Rheumatoid Arthritis study), a prospective study investigating the natural improvement during pregnancy and the postpartum flare in women with RA. Patients were visited, preferably before pregnancy, at each trimester and at three postpartum time points. On all occasions, disease activity was scored by using DAS28. All patients were genotyped for the GR polymorphisms BclI, N363S, 9β, and ER22/23EK and divided in groups harboring either polymorphisms conferring increased GC sensitivity (BclI and N363S; GC-S patients) or polymorphisms conferring decreased GC sensitivity (9β or 9β + ER22/23EK; GC-I patients). Data were analyzed by using a mixed linear model, comparing GC-S patients with GC-I patients with respect to improvement during pregnancy and the postpartum flare. The cumulative disease activity was calculated by using time-integrated values (area under the curve, AUC) of DAS28 in GC-I patients versus GC-S patients. Separate analyses were performed according to the state of GC use.

Results

GC-S patients treated with GC had a significantly lower AUC of DAS28 in the postpartum period than did GC-I patients. This difference was not observed in patients who were not treated with GCs. During pregnancy, GC-S and GC-I patients had comparable levels of disease activity and course of disease.

Conclusions

Differences in relative GC sensitivity, as determined by GR polymorphisms, are associated with the level of disease activity in the postpartum period in GC-treated patients, but they do not seem to influence the course of the disease per se.     

Development of a competitive enzyme immunoassay for factor VIII-related antigen

An enzyme immunoassay system basing on a competitive method has been developed to measure factor VIII related antigen (F. VIII R:Ag). A sufficient discrimination at low F. VIII R:Ag concentrations was gained. This method appears to be sensitive to 7,8 X 10(-3) U/ml F. VIII R:Ag showing an intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) of 0,11. In comparison to the commonly used Laurell electroimmunodiffusion assay for factor VIII significant less antisera per sample for the enzyme immunoassay technique is necessary.     

Hormonal regulation myometrial adrenergic responses: the receptor and beyond

The contractile response of the uterus is modified by sex steroids. In rabbit uterus, oestrogen promotes alpha-adrenergically-mediated contraction, whilst progesterone treatment results in beta-adrenergic relaxation. Examination of the mechanisms responsible for these changing adrenergic responses with sex steroids reveals multiple sites of regulation. Oestrogen increases alpha 1-receptor concentration and the linkage of the receptor to phospholipase C. In addition to this direct effect to promote contraction, oestrogen also uncouples the beta-receptor from adenylate cyclase. Progesterone, conversely, promotes relaxation through beta-receptors by uncoupling alpha 2-receptors from inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Thus sex steroids can regulate specific agonist responses at and beyond the receptor.     

Pelodera (syn. Rhabditis) strongyloides as a cause of dermatitis – a report of 11 dogs from Finland

Background  

Pelodera (Rhabditis) strongyloides is a small saprophytic nematode that lives in decaying organic matter. On rare occasions, it can invade the mammalian skin, causing a pruritic, erythematous, alopecic and crusting dermatitis on skin sites that come into contact with the ground. Diagnosis of the disease is based on case history (a dog living outdoors on damp straw bedding) with characteristic skin lesions and on the demonstration of typical larvae in skin scrapings or biopsy. Pelodera (rhabditic) dermatitis cases have been reported mainly from Central European countries and the United States.     

3-Azido-aspartic acid derivatives - orthogonally protected precursors for the stereoselective incorporation of 2,3-diaminosuccinic acid into peptide structures.

The stereoselective synthesis of orthogonally protected 3-azido aspartic acid derivatives is described. The convenience of their application as 2,3-diaminosuccinic acid in peptide chemistry was demonstrated by the incorporation of the nonproteinogenic diamino diacid as a cystine-substitute into the core structure of somatostatin.     

Bases and spaces: resources on the web for accessing the draft human genome - II - After publication of the draft

The volume of human genome sequence and the variety of web-based tools to access it continue to grow at an impressive rate, but a working knowledge of certain key resources can be sufficient to get the most from your genome. This article provides an update to Genome Biology 2000, 1(4):reviews2001.1-2001.5.