全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1137篇 |
免费 | 75篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 1篇 |
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 22篇 |
2020年 | 7篇 |
2019年 | 15篇 |
2018年 | 13篇 |
2017年 | 14篇 |
2016年 | 24篇 |
2015年 | 46篇 |
2014年 | 58篇 |
2013年 | 67篇 |
2012年 | 85篇 |
2011年 | 94篇 |
2010年 | 62篇 |
2009年 | 42篇 |
2008年 | 80篇 |
2007年 | 88篇 |
2006年 | 84篇 |
2005年 | 81篇 |
2004年 | 76篇 |
2003年 | 54篇 |
2002年 | 52篇 |
2001年 | 16篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 11篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 13篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1213条查询结果,搜索用时 281 毫秒
11.
Yoshikazu Hashida Katsuaki Takechi Tomomi Abiru Noriyuki Yabe Hiroaki Nagase Koro Hattori Susumu Takio Yoshikatsu Sato Mitsuyasu Hasebe Hirokazu Tsukaya Hiroyoshi Takano 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,101(6):1318-1330
In Arabidopsis thaliana the ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene regulates the width of leaves by controlling the diffuse growth of leaf cells in the medio‐lateral direction. In the genome of the moss Physcomitrella patens, we found two normal ANs (PpAN1‐1 and 1‐2). Both PpAN1 genes complemented the A. thaliana an‐1 mutant phenotypes. An analysis of spatiotemporal promoter activity of each PpAN1 gene, using transgenic lines that contained each PpAN1‐promoter– uidA (GUS) gene, showed that both promoters are mainly active in the stems of haploid gametophores and in the middle to basal region of the young sporophyte that develops into the seta and foot. Analyses of the knockout lines for PpAN1‐1 and PpAN1‐2 genes suggested that these genes have partially redundant functions and regulate gametophore height by controlling diffuse cell growth in gametophore stems. In addition, the seta and foot were shorter and thicker in diploid sporophytes, suggesting that cell elongation was reduced in the longitudinal direction, whereas no defects were detected in tip‐growing protonemata. These results indicate that both PpAN1 genes in P. patens function in diffuse growth of the haploid and diploid generations but not in tip growth. To visualize microtubule distribution in gametophore cells of P. patens, transformed lines expressing P. patens α‐tubulin fused to sGFP were generated. Contrary to expectations, the orientation of microtubules in the tips of gametophores in the PpAN1‐1/1‐2 double‐knockout lines was unchanged. The relationships among diffuse cell growth, cortical microtubules and AN proteins are discussed. 相似文献
12.
Takayuki Murata Satoshi Komoto Satoko Iwahori Jun Sasaki Hironori Nishitsuji Terumitsu Hasebe Kiyotaka Hoshinaga Yukio Yuzawa 《Microbiology and immunology》2021,65(1):10-16
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Because complete elimination of SARS-CoV-2 appears difficult, decreasing the risk of transmission is important. Treatment with 0.1 and 0.05 ppm ozone gas for 10 and 20 hr, respectively, decreased SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by about 95%. The magnitude of the effect was dependent on humidity. Treatment with 1 and 2 mg/L ozone water for 10 s reduced SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by about 2 and 3 logs, respectively. Our results suggest that low-dose ozone, in the form of gas and water, is effective against SARS-CoV-2. 相似文献
13.
Terezie Mandáková Ale? Kova?ík Judita Zozomová-Lihová Rie Shimizu-Inatsugi Kentaro K. Shimizu Klaus Mummenhoff Karol Marhold Martin A. Lysak 《The Plant cell》2013,25(9):3280-3295
This article describes the use of cytogenomic and molecular approaches to explore the origin and evolution of Cardamine schulzii, a textbook example of a recent allopolyploid, in its ∼110-year history of human-induced hybridization and allopolyploidy in the Swiss Alps. Triploids are typically viewed as bridges between diploids and tetraploids but rarely as parental genomes of high-level hybrids and polyploids. The genome of the triploid semifertile hybrid Cardamine × insueta (2n = 24, RRA) was shown to combine the parental genomes of two diploid (2n = 2x = 16) species, Cardamine amara (AA) and Cardamine rivularis (RR). These parental genomes have remained structurally stable within the triploid genome over the >100 years since its origin. Furthermore, we provide compelling evidence that the alleged recent polyploid C. schulzii is not an autohexaploid derivative of C. × insueta. Instead, at least two hybridization events involving C. × insueta and the hypotetraploid Cardamine pratensis (PPPP, 2n = 4x−2 = 30) have resulted in the origin of the trigenomic hypopentaploid (2n = 5x−2 = 38, PPRRA) and hypohexaploid (2n = 6x−2 = 46, PPPPRA). These data show that the semifertile triploid hybrid can promote a merger of three different genomes and demonstrate how important it is to reexamine the routinely repeated textbook examples using modern techniques. 相似文献
14.
Kazushige Yamana Akira Yoshikawa Rie Noda Hidehiko Nakano 《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2013,32(1-3):233-242
Abstract Incorporation of an azobenzene-4,4′-diamide group via a linker arm into the 3′-hydroxyl function of one oligonucleotide segment and the 5′-OH of other oligonucleotide has been described. The binding of the oligonucleotides containing the azobenzene linker was investigated by UV melting behaviors. The azobenzene linker has been shown to be useful as an effective bridge for stabilizing hairpin duplex and triplex. 相似文献
15.
Keisuke Kirita Genichiro Ishii Rie Matsuwaki Yuki Matsumura Shigeki Umemura Shingo Matsumoto Kiyotaka Yoh Seiji Niho Koichi Goto Hironobu Ohmatsu Yuichiro Ohe Kanji Nagai Atsushi Ochiai 《PloS one》2013,8(12)
Background
Intralymphatic tumors in the extratumoral area are considered to represent the preceding phase of lymph node metastasis. The aim of this study was to clarify the biological properties of intralymphatic tumors susceptible to the development of lymph node metastasis, with special reference to the expression of cancer initiating/stem cell (CIC/CSC) related markers in cancer cells and the number of infiltrating stromal cells.Material and Methods
Primary lung adenocarcinomas with lymphatic permeation in the extratumoral area were retrospectively examined (n = 107). We examined the expression levels of CIC/CSC related markers including ALDH1, OCT4, NANOG, SOX2 and Caveolin-1 in the intralymphatic cancer cells to evaluate their relationship to lymph node metastasis. Moreover, the number of infiltrating stromal cells expressing CD34, α-smooth muscle actin, and CD204 were also evaluated.Results
Among the intralymphatic tissues, low ALDH1 expression in cancer cells, high SOX2 expression in cancer cells, and a high number of CD204(+) macrophages were independent predictive factors for lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004, P = 0.008, and P = 0.028, respectively). Among these factors, only low ALDH1 expression in cancer cells was significantly correlated with the farther spreading of lymph node metastasis (mediastinal lymph node, pathological N2) (P = 0.046) and the metastatic lymph node ratio (metastatic/resected) (P = 0.028). On the other hand, in the primary tumors, ALDH1 expression in the cancer cells was not associated with lymph node metastasis. Intralymphatic cancer cells expressing low ALDH1 levels exhibited lower E-cadherin expression levels than cancer cells with high levels of ALDH1 expression (P = 0.015).Conclusions
Intralymphatic cancer cells expressing low levels of ALDH1 and infiltrating macrophages expressing CD204 have a critical impact on lymph node metastasis. Our study also highlighted the significance of evaluating the biological properties of intralymphatic tumors for tumor metastasis. 相似文献16.
Pyrus calleryana var. dimorphophylla, a variety of Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana), is endemic to the Tokai district of central Japan, and is currently listed as “Endangered”. The remnant habitats and trees are of limited number, and highly fragmented. As the first step in determining appropriate conservation units, genetic diversity and differentiation in this species were investigated using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphisms. All possible remnant trees were genotyped, then six populations were defined based on the results of cpDNA haplotype determination and Bayesian clustering approaches performed using the SSR locus data. Some trees appeared to originate from artificial propagation. Some individuals were difficult to differentiate genetically from the related species, Pyrus × uyematsuana, which is considered to be a hybrid between P. calleryana var. dimorphophylla and a possibly naturalized species, Pyrus pyrifolia, implying that introgression between these species may have occurred. In P. calleryana var. dimorphophylla, anthropogenic factors such as propagation and related species planting are probably major causes of complexity in the genetic structure. 相似文献
17.
Dung Tien Le Lionel Tarrago Yasuko Watanabe Alaattin Kaya Byung Cheon Lee Uyen Tran Rie Nishiyama Dmitri E. Fomenko Vadim N. Gladyshev Lam-Son Phan Tran 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
Methionine can be reversibly oxidized to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) under physiological conditions. Organisms evolved two distinct methionine sulfoxide reductase families (MSRA & MSRB) to repair oxidized methionine residues. We found that 5 MSRB genes exist in the soybean genome, including GmMSRB1 and two segmentally duplicated gene pairs (GmMSRB2 and GmMSRB5, GmMSRB3 and GmMSRB4). GmMSRB2 and GmMSRB4 proteins showed MSRB activity toward protein-based MetO with either DTT or thioredoxin (TRX) as reductants, whereas GmMSRB1 was active only with DTT. GmMSRB2 had a typical MSRB mechanism with Cys121 and Cys 68 as catalytic and resolving residues, respectively. Surprisingly, this enzyme also possessed the MSRB activity toward free Met-R-O with kinetic parameters similar to those reported for fRMSR from Escherichia coli, an enzyme specific for free Met-R-O. Overexpression of GmMSRB2 or GmMSRB4 in the yeast cytosol supported the growth of the triple MSRA/MSRB/fRMSR (Δ3MSRs) mutant on MetO and protected cells against H2O2-induced stress. Taken together, our data reveal an unexpected diversity of MSRBs in plants and indicate that, in contrast to mammals that cannot reduce free Met-R-O and microorganisms that use fRMSR for this purpose, plants evolved MSRBs for the reduction of both free and protein-based MetO. 相似文献
18.
Carmen Sara Hernández-Rodríguez Patricia Hernández-Martínez Jeroen Van Rie Baltasar Escriche Juan Ferré 《PloS one》2013,8(7)
First generation of insect-protected transgenic corn (Bt-corn) was based on the expression of Cry1Ab or Cry1Fa proteins. Currently, the trend is the combination of two or more genes expressing proteins that bind to different targets. In addition to broadening the spectrum of action, this strategy helps to delay the evolution of resistance in exposed insect populations. One of such examples is the combination of Cry1A.105 with Cry1Fa and Cry2Ab to control O. nubilalis and S. frugiperda. Cry1A.105 is a chimeric protein with domains I and II and the C-terminal half of the protein from Cry1Ac, and domain III almost identical to Cry1Fa. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the chimeric Cry1A.105 has shared binding sites either with Cry1A proteins, with Cry1Fa, or with both, in O. nubilalis and in S. frugiperda. Brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from last instar larval midguts were used in competition binding assays with 125I-labeled Cry1A.105, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Fa, and unlabeled Cry1A.105, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry2Ab and Cry2Ae. The results showed that Cry1A.105, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac and Cry1Fa competed with high affinity for the same binding sites in both insect species. However, Cry2Ab and Cry2Ae did not compete for the binding sites of Cry1 proteins. Therefore, according to our results, the development of cross-resistance among Cry1Ab/Ac, Cry1A.105, and Cry1Fa proteins is possible in these two insect species if the alteration of shared binding sites occurs. Conversely, cross-resistance between these proteins and Cry2A proteins is very unlikely in such case. 相似文献
19.
Gen Kuroyanagi Takanobu Otsuka Akira Kondo Rie Matsushima-Nishiwaki Jun Mizutani Osamu Kozawa Haruhiko Tokuda 《Biochimie》2013
We previously reported that interleukin-1 (IL-1), a potent bone resorptive cytokine, stimulates the synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) via activation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and p38 MAP kinase in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells, and that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) negatively regulates the IL-1-induced IL-6 synthesis through the inhibitor of κB (IκB)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. On the other hand, it is recognized that catechin possesses a beneficial property for bone metabolism. Among them, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is an abundant and major bioactive component. In the present study, we investigated the effect of EGCG on the IL-1 stimulated IL-6 synthesis in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. EGCG significantly enhanced the IL-1-stimulated IL-6 synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in the range between 50 and 100 μM. EGCG increased the mRNA levels of IL-6 stimulated by IL-1. IL-1-induced phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB were suppressed by EGCG. On the other hand, EGCG failed to affect the IL-1-induced phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase, p38 MAP kinase and AMPK. These results strongly suggest that EGCG enhances IL-1-stimulated IL-6 synthesis through inhibiting the AMPK-IκB/NF-κB pathway at the point between AMPK and IκB/NF-κB in osteoblasts. 相似文献
20.
Takayuki Shojima Rokusuke Yoshikawa Shigeki Hoshino Sayumi Shimode So Nakagawa Takuji Ohata Rie Nakaoka Takayuki Miyazawa 《Journal of virology》2013,87(17):9943-9948
We identified a new subgroup of koala retrovirus (KoRV), named KoRV-J, which utilizes thiamine transport protein 1 as a receptor instead of the Pit-1 receptor used by KoRV (KoRV-A). By subgroup-specific PCR, KoRV-J and KoRV-A were detected in 67.5 and 100% of koalas originating from koalas from northern Australia, respectively. Altogether, our results indicate that the invasion of the koala population by KoRV-J may have occurred more recently than invasion by KoRV-A. 相似文献