Ionization of the air

Ionization of the air, both the natural and the artificial, underwent a thorough airing at the First International Conference. With the accent on the physical and biological properties of air ions, the clinical aspects and the therapeutic potentialities were, except for one paper, deliberately omitted. It was felt that at this time the basic problems were of greater importance in order to bring some order and restraint into the prevailing chaotic conditions. It was obvious to all participants that the practical results of the meeting exceeded all expectations but that much work still remains to be done before air ionization achieves full recognition and undivided scientific support.     

Studies on the Movement of Water through the Isolated Toad Bladder and Its Modification by Vasopressin

Measurements of diffusion permeability and of net transfer of water have been made across the isolated urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus, and the effects thereon of mammalian neurohypophyseal hormone have been examined. In the absence of a transmembrane osmotic gradient, vasopressin increases the unidirectional flux of water from a mean of 340 to a mean of 570 µl per cm² per hour but the net water movement remains essentially zero. In the presence of an osmotic gradient but without hormone net transfer of water remains very small. On addition of hormone large net fluxes of water occur; the magnitude of which is linearly proportional to the osmotic gradient. The action of the hormone on movement of water is not dependent on the presence of sodium or on active transport of sodium. Comparison of the net transport of water and of unidirectional diffusion permeability of the membrane to water indicates that non-diffusional transport must predominate as the means by which net movement occurs in the presence of an osmotic gradient. An action of the hormone on the mucosal surface of the bladder wall is demonstrated. The effects of the hormone on water movement are most simply explained as an action to increase the permeability and porosity of the mucosal surface of the membrane.     

A COMPARISON OF THE CHANGES IN FINE STRUCTURE OF L CELLS DURING SINGLE CYCLES OF VIRAL MULTIPLICATION, FOLLOWING THEIR INFECTION WITH THE VIRUSES OF MENGO AND ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS

The virus of encephalomyocarditis (EMC), examined by the negative-contrast method, is indistinguishable from the serologically related Mengovirus. The particles are 270 to 280 A in diameter. The surface of EMC is composed of an undetermined number of subunits. Frequent sampling of infected cells was carried out throughout one-step cycles of viral multiplication to observe cytopathic changes occurring in L cells infected by these two related RNA viruses. EMC and Mengovirus, which multiply at equal rates, in most respects elicit similar alterations in cell fine structure. Rearrangement and changes in nuclear material accompanied by formation of small vesicles in the centrosphere region commence at 4 to 6 hours after infection. Thereafter a progressive degeneration of the nucleus and vesiculation of the cytoplasm are observed up to 18 to 20 hours. Increased numbers of small dense granules, indistinguishable from ribonucleoprotein particles, appear in the cytoplasm between 8 and 14 hours after infection. L cells infected with Mengovirus become permeable to Erythrocin more slowly than those infected with EMC. Only in the case of Mengovirus infection are large aggregates of dense material first observed in the cytoplasm at 8 hours, followed by the appearance of crystals probably composed of Mengovirus particles, at 12 hours. Differences in the rates of cell permeability after infection with EMC and Mengovirus are discussed in relation to formation of virus crystals and plaque-type mutants.     

Vegetative Entwicklung und Blütenbildung in axenischen Kulturen der InsektivoreDrosera pygmaea DC.

Zusammenfassung Drosera pygmaea läßt sich in organismenfreier Reinkultur auf Agar oder Fließpapier mit organischen wie anorganischen Lösungen kultivieren.Die größten Pflänzchen hatten beim vorläufigen Abschluß der Arbeit einen Durchmesser ihrer Blattrosette von höchstens 2 cm, etwa ein halbes Hundert Blätter mit wenig mehr als 1/2 cm Blattstiellänge und Blattspreiten, die kaum je 2 mm Durchmesser erreichten.Je nach den Bedingungen war die Spreite scheibenförmig oder unentfaltet rundlich; auch die Ausbildung der Randtentakeln war sehr unterschiedlich.In vielen Kulturen traten Blüten (bis zu 8 an einer Pflanze) auf, und zwar auf organischem wie vor allem auch auf anorganischem Substrat.Die Kronblätter traten als weiße, sich bald rosa färbende Kuppel aus dem grünen Kelch hervor; sie entfalteten sich aber nicht, sondern die Blüte entwickelte sich, ohne sich geöffnet zu haben, weiter zur samentragenden Frucht.Im Gegensatz zuUtricularia exoleta, die nur bei Gegenwart von aus Tieren stammender Substanz Blüten bildet, kann beiDrosera pygmaea der gesamte Entwicklungsablauf von der Keimung bis zur Samenbildung auf rein mineralischer Unterlage stattfinden.Mit 10 TextabbildungenMit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

The Rat Electroretinogram : II. Bloch's law and the latency mechanism of the b-wave

Electroretinograms were obtained from the all-rod eye of the rat with uniform illumination of the entire retina and stimulus flashes of less than 3 msec. duration. Bloch's law of temporal summation was verified for the b-wave latency by varying the time between two equal intensity flashes and observing that no change occurred in the latency when measured from the midpoint of the two flashes. The results of this and other experiments are described in terms of a simple but general model of the latency-determining mechanism. It is shown that this latency mechanism acts as if it depends on a linear additive process; and also that a hypothetical excitatory substance which triggers activity in the sources of the b-wave must accumulate rapidly in time after the flash, approximately as t⁸. The rate at which this substance accumulates is accurately represented by the diffusion equation for more than 4 to 6 log units in the flash intensity. This suggests that the rate-determining step in the latency mechanism may be diffusion-limited.