Renal impairment and analgesia: From effectiveness to adverse effects

Kidney pain is one of the clinically significant features of renal dysfunction. Mild to severe pain is seen in the lower back area. Painkillers are mostly recommended in these cases to relieve the symptom. Yet, several analgesics are associated with side effects that can worsen the state of the disease. This review is based on the studies conducted in these aspects analgesics used to treat kidney pain and their effectiveness, renal consequences of postoperative analgesia, and pharmacogenetics of these palliatives are briefly summarized in this paper.     

The effect of different salts (heavy metals) on the mycelium growth of Nematophagus fungi

Environmental pollution in addition to direct damage on plant growth, with the destruction of biological control agents, causes indirect damage to plants. The aim of this research was to study the effects of different concentrations (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) of heavy metals including Ag, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn on the mycelial growth and to assess the fungicidal or fungistatic effects of these salts on five Nematophagus fungi including Trichoderma harzianum (T8), Trichoderma virens (T21), Trichoderma hamatum (T9), Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia and Arthrobotrys oligospora. The results show that Ag, Co, Cu, Fe and Hg could stop the mycelium growth of all fungi, but Mn, Pb and Zn cannot inhibit the growth of these fungi completely. Among the first group, Hg and Cu stopped the growth of fungi even in 500 ppm. Among these metals that inhibit the growth of fungi, Cu has fungistatic effect and others have fungicide effect. The experiment was conducted in vitro condition, using potato dextrose agar (PDA) under complete randomised design with four replications. The data of mycelium growth were recorded at seven days after inoculation at 25 ± 2°C.     

Compartment analysis of T cell receptor gamma--and immunoglobulin V(H) rearrangements by microdissection in patients with malt lymphoma and chronic gastritis with lymphatic hyperplasia.

The interpretation of clonality within H. pylori-associated gastritis and low-grade MALT lymphoma remains controversial. Due to the observation of MALT lymphoma regression after H. pylori eradication, new definitions concerning the border between benign reactive lesions and malignant gastric lymphoma are needed. Gene rearrangements for immunoglobulin heavy-chain in low-grade MALT lymphoma (N= 12) and H. pylori-associated chronic gastritis with lymphatic hyperplasia (N= 13) were analyzed by microdissection and polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, T cell receptor-gamma chain rearrangements were analyzed by gene scan analysis. In 11 of 12 cases with initial low-grade MALT lymphoma, intraepithelial and subepithelial B cell rearrangements showed a restricted usage of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain 3. In H. pylori-associated chronic gastritis, the intraepithelial B cell compartment showed an oligoclonal the immunoglobulin heavy-chain rearrangement pattern with a predominance of VH3. The subepithelial compartment did not show any restrictive immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene usage. Additionally a mono- to oligoclonal rearrangement pattern of the T cell receptor-y chain was observed in low-grade MALT lymphoma, whereas an oligoclonal pattem was observed in chronic gastritis. Our data provide evidence that low-grade MALT lymphoma may start within the epithelium and subsequently infiltrate the subepithelial compartment. The observation of a mono- to oligoclonal TCR-gamma rearrangement suggests that an antigen selecting process also takes place within reactive T cells. Combining TCR-gamma gene scan analysis with IgH chain rearrangement analysis might help in discriminating between chronic gastritis and initial MALT lymphoma in questionable cases.     

Impact of postharvest exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid treatment on cucumber fruit in response to chilling tolerance

Low-temperature storage is generally used to extend postharvest lifetime and to inhibit decay of cucumber fruit, but it also enhances the intensity of chilling injury. The capability of γ-aminobutyric acid to enhance antioxidant enzyme activities and reduce chilling injury was studied in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit stored at 1 °C for 5 weeks. The purpose of this study was to define if the GABA-induced modification in antioxidant system and phospholipase activity is linked to the reduced chilling injury in cold-stored cucumber fruit. Alleviation of chilling injury by GABA treatment was related to increased content of proline, endogenous GABA and enhanced activities of CAT and SOD, together with reduced activities of PLC, PLD and LOX. We suggest that PLC, LOX and PLD are associated with chilling injury initiation by involvement in a signaling pathway and membrane deterioration. Therefore the results obtained in this study suggest GABA’s potential for postharvest applications for reducing chilling injury symptom in cucumber fruit.     

Immunoliposomes bearing lymphocyte activation gene 3 fusion protein and P5 peptide: A novel vaccine for breast cancer

LAG3-Ig as an immune adjuvant has elicited potent anti-tumor immune responses in several preclinical and clinical studies, but the full potential immunostimulatory of LAG3-Ig has yet to be achieved. We hypothesized that by anchoring LAG3-Ig to the surface of liposomes, the adjuvant activity of LAG3-Ig could be improved. We also investigated the immunotherapy by co-delivery of liposome-coupled LAG3-Ig and P5 tumor antigen in mice model of TUBO breast cancer. We prepared and characterized novel PEGylated liposomes bearing surface conjugated LAG3-Ig and P5. Consistent with our hypothesis, liposomes-conjugated LAG3-Ig via multivalent binding to MHC class II molecules exerted immunostimulatory of LAG3-Ig and markedly induced maturation of dendritic cells more efficiently than free LAG3-Ig. LAG3-Ig-P5-immunoliposomes effectively elicited protective anti-tumor responses more than locally injected soluble LAG3-Ig + P5. The higher percentage of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in the spleen and more rapid and pronounced infiltration of these effector cells into the site of the tumor were seen following immunoliposome therapy. Finally, anti-tumor immunity induced by LAG3-Ig-P5-immunoliposomes translated into the more tumor regression and prolonged survival of treated mice, compared to soluble immunotherapy. Taken together, our findings suggest that LAG3-Ig-P5-immunoliposomes can be considered as a valuable candidate for developing a liposome-based therapeutic cancer vaccine in treating HER2/ neu⁺ breast cancer patients.     

A novel model to characterize structure and function of BRCA1

BRCA1 plays a central role in DNA repair. Although N‐terminal RING and C‐terminal BRCT domains are studied well, the functions of the central region of BRCA1 are poorly characterized. Here, we report a structural and functional analysis of BRCA1 alleles and functional human BRCA1 in chicken B‐lymphocyte cell line DT40. The combination of “homologous recombineering” and “RT‐cassette” enables modifications of chicken BRCA1 gene in Escherichia coli. Mutant BRCA1 knock‐in DT40 cell lines were generated using BRCA1 mutation constructs by homologous recombination with a targeting efficiency of up to 100%. Our study demonstrated that deletion of motifs 2–9 BRCA1^{Δ/Δ181‐1415} (Caenorhabditis elegans BRCA1 mimic) or deletion of motif 1 BRCA1^{Δ/Δ126‐136} decreased cell viability following cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, deletion of motifs 5 and 6 BRCA1^{Δ/Δ525‐881} within DNA‐binding region, even the conserved 7‐amino acid deletion BRCA1^{Δ/Δ872‐878} within motif 6, caused a decreased cell viability upon cisplatin treatment. Surprisingly, human BRCA1 is functional in DT40 cells as indicated by DNA damage‐induced Rad 51 foci formation in human BRCA1 knock‐in DT40 cells. These results demonstrate that those conserved motifs within the central region are essential for DNA repair functions of BRCA1. These findings provide a valuable tool for the development of new therapeutic modalities of breast cancer linked to BRCA1.