Estimating Ecosystem Metabolism to Entire River Networks

Ecosystems - River ecosystem metabolism (REM) is a promising cost-effective measure of ecosystem functioning, as it integrates many different ecosystem processes and is affected by both rapid...     

Surviving background extinction: Inferences from historic and current dynamics in the contrasting population structures of two endemic Mexican cycads

Ecological and microevolutionary perspectives were used to investigate signs of background extinction in two endemic species. We studied relict populations of the cycad Dioon caputoi, contrasting its population structure and neighborhood size with those of Dioon planifolium as a demographically healthier reference population. Population dynamics analysis was performed on two populations of D. caputoi through Integral Projection Models and genetic neighborhoods compared between species through 172 Inter Simple Sequence Repeat loci performed in one population of each of the two study species. The D. caputoi populations mostly comprised adult plants, while D. planifolium presented mainly juvenile individuals. Dioon caputoi showed equilibrium in population growth (i.e., λ ≈ 1), with low recruitment, and its genetic neighborhood revealed highly related individuals in a unique distance class (r_ij = 0.407, 33 m). A contrasting pattern was found in D. planifolium, which showed higher relatedness in the first distance class (r_ij = 0.543, 5 m), gradually decreasing to 20 m. The discrepancies between the two species reflect different strategies of persistence. Dioon caputoi conserves a relict dynamics with signs of a multigenerational, attritional loss of reproductive fitness, while D. planifolium does not. This study furthers our understanding of the background extinction process and the information will thus contribute to the management and conservation of this endangered species.     

Acetic acid bacteria encode two levansucrase types of different ecological relationship

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are associated with plants and insects. Determinants for the targeting and occupation of these widely different environments are unknown. However, most of these natural habitats share plant-derived sucrose, which can be metabolized by some AAB via polyfructose building levansucrases (LS) known to be involved in biofilm formation. Here, we propose two LS types (T) encoded by AAB as determinants for habitat selection, which emerged from vertical (T1) and horizontal (T2) lines of evolution and differ in their genetic organization, structural features and secretion mechanism, as well as their occurrence in proteobacteria. T1-LS are secreted by plant-pathogenic α- and γ-proteobacteria, while T2-LS genes are common in diazotrophic, plant-growth-promoting α-, β- and γ-proteobacteria. This knowledge may be exploited for a better understanding of microbial ecology, plant health and biofilm formation by sucrase-secreting proteobacteria in eukaryotic hosts.     

Effect of Temperature on 3D Printing of Commercial Potato Puree

The temperature and composition of food, during the printing process, maybe a key factor impacting on rheological properties. Currently, there is no evidence of authors analysing the effect of printing temperature on the characteristics of final products. The aim of this paper was to study the printability of potato puree when affected by printing variables, such as printing temperature and the composition of the potato puree. The printing temperature was studied at 10 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C, and the effect of the product composition on the printability was studied by analysing the rheological and textural properties. Viscosity-temperature profiles, flow curves and dynamic oscillation frequency analysis of potato puree were some of the techniques used in rheology analysis. Forward extrusion assays of formulated potato puree were used to study the compression force in the 3D printer. Results showed the formulation with higher content of dehydrated potato puree (38 g of dehydrated potato puree in 250 mL of whole milk) at a temperature of 30 °C were the most stable. The printability increase with the amount of the consistency index and the reduction of behaviour index. The mean force from extrusion test was correlated with printability but the effect of temperature did not help define this parameter.

     

Anti-cancer activities of cytokinin ribosides

Phytochemistry Reviews - Cytokinins are plant hormones and play essential roles in regulating plant growth and development. They also have diverse pharmacological effects in animals and humans....     

SOD-Like Activity of Copper(II) Containing Metallopeptides Branched By 2,3-Diaminopropionic Acid: What the N-Termini Elevate,the C-Terminus Ruins

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics - Relations between structural modifiactions and SOD-like activity of four branched CuII-metallopeptides based on l-2,3-diaminopropionic...     

Benzyl propionate synthesis by fed-batch esterification using commercial immobilized and lyophilized Cal B lipase

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - In this work, a fed-batch approach was adopted to overcome propionic acid lipase inactivation effects in the benzyl propionate direct esterification mediated...     

Breaking the state of the heart: meshless model for cardiac mechanics

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology - Cardiac modeling has recently emerged as a promising tool to study pathophysiology mechanisms and to predict treatment outcomes for personalized...     

Bacillus methylotrophicus M4-96 Stimulates the Growth of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Aromas’) Plants In Vitro and Slows Botrytis cinerea Infection by Two Different Methods of Interaction

Bacillus methylotrophicus M4-96 is a beneficial rhizobacterium that has been isolated from the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays). In this study, we investigated its efficacy as a plant growth promoter for strawberry in vitro, as well as its ability to induce callose deposition in leaves to reduce the severity of Botrytis cinerea infection. Two methods of plant-bacterial interaction were used: inoculation near the root and emission of volatile compounds with no physical contact. Plant biomass increased under both treatments, but with developmental parameters of the plants differentially stimulated by each method. Root inoculation increased petiole number and root length, whereas bacterial volatiles increased petiole length and root number. A chemical analysis of the bacterial culture revealed the presence of indole acetic acid (0.21 μg L⁻¹) and gibberellic acid (6.16 μg L⁻¹). Acetoin was previously identified as the major volatile produced by the bacteria, and its application to strawberry explants increased their growth and development. Furthermore, when acetoin and both phytoregulators were added to the culture media, these positive effects were enhanced. The inoculation method also affected the size and quantity of callose deposits in the leaves. Treatment with volatiles increased callose deposition in the leaves by up to five-fold, which promoted a rapid defense reaction that inhibited the incidence of gray mold by reinforcing cell wall. Taken together, our results show that B. methylotrophicus M4-96 promotes growth and induces systemic resistance in strawberry plants.

     

Phytochrome B dynamics departs from photoequilibrium in the field

Vegetation shade is characterized by marked decreases in the red/far‐red ratio and photosynthetic irradiance. The activity of phytochrome in the field has typically been described by its photoequilibrium, defined by the photochemical properties of the pigment in combination with the spectral distribution of the light. This approach represents an oversimplification because phytochrome B (phyB) activity depends not only on its photochemical reactions but also on its rates of synthesis, degradation, translocation to the nucleus, and thermal reversion. To account for these complex cellular reactions, we used a model to simulate phyB activity under a range of field conditions. The model provided values of phyB activity that in turn predicted hypocotyl growth in the field with reasonable accuracy. On the basis of these observations, we define two scenarios, one is under shade, in cloudy weather, at the extremes of the photoperiod or in the presence of rapid fluctuations of the light environment caused by wind‐induced movements of the foliage, where phyB activity departs from photoequilibrium and becomes affected by irradiance and temperature in addition to the spectral distribution. The other scenario is under full sunlight, where phyB activity responds mainly to the spectral distribution of the light.