One of three nuclear localization signals of maize Activator (Ac) transposase overlaps the DNA-binding domain

The nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) of the Ac transposase (TPase) protein have been characterized by indirect immunofluorescence detection of TPase deletion derivatives and TPase/β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion proteins in transiently transfected Petunia cells. The TPase contains three NLSs near its amino-terminal end, NLS(44–62), NLS(159–178) and NLS(174–206), each of which is sufficient to redirect GUS to the nucleus. Deletion of the N-terminal 102 TPase residues including NLS(44–62) results in strongly reduced nuclear import of the truncated TPase. NLS(44–62) and NLS(159–178) are bipartite NLSs, whereas the structure of NLS(174–206) does not allow a classification into one of the three major NLS categories. NLS(174–206) overlaps with the basic DNA-binding domain of TPase. A substitution of two amino acids in this segment (HiS₁₉₁→Arg and Arg₁₉₃→His) results in a total loss of DNA-binding activity, but retains reduced NLS activity. Accordingly, the two functions can be separated. In addition, we show that a NLS-deficient 71 kDa TPase derivative is co-imported into the nucleus in the presence of wildtype TPase.     

Histidine decarboxylase: Isolation and molecular characteristics

High levels of histidine decarboxylase activity were measured in rat basophilic leukemia cells grown in ascitic form in 4 week old WKY/N rats. The potent inhibition of this enzyme by brocresine and -methylhistidine but not by -methyl DOPA identified it as a specific histidine decarboxylase. Gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a molecular weight of 125,000 for the native enzyme, similar to that of fetal rat liver histidine decarboxylase. Using rat basophilic leukemia cells as starting material, histidine decarboxylase was purified extensively in a seven step procedure. Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions revealed that histidine decarboxylase is a dimeric protein consisting of two identical subunits with a molecular weight of 62,000. The results indicate that rat basophilic leukemia cells provide a new and rich source for the purification of histidine decarboxylase.     

Fine structure of degenerating abdominal motor neurons after eclosion in the sphingid moth,Manduca sexta

Summary Ultrastructural aspects of the natural degeneration of a group of six motor neurons in the fourth abdominal ganglion of Manduca sexta are described. These motor neurons innervate intersegmental muscles that degenerate and disappear immediately after adult eclosion. The first detectable changes in the cell bodies appear 12 h after eclosion and include disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the size and number of lamellar bodies. At 32 h the nuclear membranes rupture, and the membranous and granular cytoorganelles segregate in different parts of the cell. At that stage the surrounding glial cells participate in the digestion of material from the degenerating neurons. From 72 h onward the remaining neuronal structures become disrupted, and are finally transformed into a single, large lamellar body (residual body) within the glial profile. The degeneration pattern differs significantly from that of embryonic vertebrate neurons.     

Cuticle ultrastructure of Hesionid polychaetes (Annelida)

Summary The structure of the cuticle in the four species of the family Hesionidae(Microphthalmus cf.listensis, M. cf.similis, Hesionides arenaria, juv.Podarke spec.) investigated basically corresponds to that found in all annelids. It consists of an outer, electron dense layer, epicuticle, basal cuticle with a fibrous layer, and numerous microvilli which penetrate the layers and are covered by a more or less dense glycocalyx. However, a rough collagen grid is not developed, the fibers are much thinner and are arranged in a more irregular manner. This corresponds to structures found in archiannelids and polychaete larvae. We consider them here to be reductions of the typical polychaete cuticle and postulate a correlation to the small body size of the species investigated. The quantitative differences in cuticle dimensions in the various body regions and structures can also be explained on a purely functional basis, especially apparent in the comparison of prostomium and body trunk. The pharynx cuticle shows significant structural differences due to the development of an additional peripherical lamellar layer-known to this extent only in gastrotrichs—as well as differently shaped and unusually long microvilli. This character is discussed as a possible synapomorphy for the family Hesionidae.

---

Zusammenfassung Der Aufbau der Kutikula der 4 untersuchten Species aus der Familie Hesionidae(Microphthalmus cf.listensis, M. cf.similis, Hesionides arenaria, juv.Podarke spec.) entspricht grundsätzlich den Verhältnissen bei allen Anneliden: äußere elektronendichte Schicht, Epikutikula, basale Kutikula mit Faserschicht und zahlreiche Mikrovilli, die diese Schichten durchbrechen und von einem mehr oder weniger dichten Glykokalyx bedeckt sind. Ein derbes Kollagengitter ist jedoch nicht ausgebildet; die Fibrillen der Faserschicht sind wesentlich feiner und unregelmäßiger angeordnet. Dies entspricht Strukturen, wie sie bei Archianneliden und bei Polychaetenlarven gefunden werden. Wir deuten sie hier als Reduktionen der typischen Poly chaetenkutikula und vermuten eine Beziehung zur geringen Körpergröße der untersuchten Arten. Rein funktionell lassen sich auch die quantitativen Unterschiede in den verschiedenen Bereichen der Körperoberfläche deuten, die besonders im Vergleich von Prostomium und Rumpf zum Ausdruck kommen. Die Pharynxkutikula zeigt starke strukturelle Abweichungen durch die Ausbildung einer zusätzlichen peripheren Lamellenschicht (in diesem Ausmaß nur von den Gastrotrichen bekannt) und abweichend geformter, besonders langer Mikrovilli. Dieses Merkmal wird als mögliche Synapomorphie für die Familie Hesionidae diskutiert.

     

Relation between brain 5-HIAA levels and the release of serotonin into brain synapses

Our findings in experiments using reserpine, an amine releaser, and fluoxetine, a serotonin uptake blocker, indicate that the reuptake of serotonin from brain synapses precedes its transformation to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Male rats were injected with reserpine or fluoxetine alone, or with fluoxetine one hour before reserpine; control animals received diluents. Reserpine lowered brain serotonin and raised brain 5-HIAA levels. Fluoxetine alone did not change serotonin levels but lowered 5-HIAA. Fluoxetine completely antagonized the reserpine-induced increase in 5-HIAA, and significantly enhanced its depletion of serotonin. In order to determine whether the ability of fluoxetine to block the rise in 5-HIAA after reserpine resulted from its effect on serotonin reuptake or from suppression of impulse flow along serotoninergic neurons, we also examined the effects of the drugs on serotonin metabolism in distal portions of acutely transected neurons (which, presumably, were no longer able to conduct impulses). No differences were noted between the responses of intact and lesioned serotoninergic neurons, indicating that fluoxetine's blockade of the rise in brain 5-HIAA results from its effect on serotonin reuptake.     

Archaeoparasitology in North America

The study of prehistoric parasitism through analysis of coprolites, mummies, skeletons, and latrine soils is rapidly growing. Its development in North America is interdisciplinary and is derived from the fields of physical anthropology, parasitology, and archaeology. The various parasite finds from North America are reviewed. The data show that prehistoric peoples in North America suffered from a variety of parasitic diseases. The validity of the findings are then considered. Although most finds of parasites from prehistoric contexts result from human infections, some finds cannot be verified as such. However, in combination with data from South America, it is clear that prehistoric peoples in the Americas were host to a variety of human parasites, some of which were not previously thought to be present before historic times.     

Conjugal Transfer of Megaplasmid 2 between Rhizobium meliloti Strains in Alfalfa Nodules

A DNA fragment containing the RP4 mob function, as well as the gentamicin and spectinomycin resistance genes, was inserted by gene replacement onto the megaplasmid 2 (pM2) of Rhizobium meliloti 0540 (Inf⁻ EPS⁻), resulting in PG101 (Inf⁻ EPS⁻). The self-transfer of pM2 and the mobilization of pM2 by plasmid RP4-4 were investigated during conjugation between PG101 and R. meliloti 2526 (Nod⁻). In filter conjugations, pM2 was readily mobilized by RP4-4. In addition to this, the self-transfer of one megaplasmid (pM) was detected at a frequency of 3 × 10⁻⁷. Bacteria isolated from the nodules of alfalfa and coinoculated with strains PG101 and 2526 showed that pM2 was mobilized at a frequency of approximately 7 × 10⁻⁵. Bacterial cell numbers were too low in the nodules for detection of the self-transfer of pM2 to occur. No pM2 transfer was detected in the inoculum. A comparison of the transfer frequencies for the various conjugation conditions revealed that pM2 transfer occurred as frequently in the nodules as in filter conjugations. These results indicate that the nodule creates conditions for gene transfer that are comparable to optimal laboratory conditions.