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91.
92.
93.
We assessed the ability of three nuclear protein-encoding genes-elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha), RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and elongation factor-2 (EF-2)-from 59 myriapod and 12 non-myriapod species to resolve phylogenetic relationships among myriapod classes and orders. In a previous study using EF-1alpha and Pol II (2134 nt combined) from 34 myriapod taxa, Regier and Shultz recovered widely accepted classes, orders, and families but failed to resolve interclass and interordinal relationships. The result was attributed to heterogenous rates of cladogenesis (specifically, the inability of the slowly evolving sequences to capture phylogenetic signal during rapid phylogenetic diversification) but the possibility of inadequate taxon sampling or limited sequence information could not be excluded. In the present study, the myriapod taxon sample was increased by 25 taxa (73%) and sequence length per taxon was effectively doubled through addition of EF-2 (4318 nt combined). Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the expanded data set recovered a monophyletic Myriapoda, all four myriapod classes and all multiply sampled orders, often with high node support. However, except for three diplopod clades (Colobognatha, Helminothomorpha, and a subgroup of Pentazonia), few interordinal relationships and no interclass relationships were well supported. These results are similar to those of the earlier study by Regier and Shultz, which indicates that taxon sample and sequence length alone do not readily explain the weakly supported resolution in the earlier study. We review recent paleontological evidence to further develop our proposal that heterogeneity in phylogenetic signal provided by our slowly evolving sequences is due to heterogeneity in the temporal structure of myriapod diversification. 相似文献
94.
DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The spectacular evolutionary radiation of hummingbirds (Trochilidae) has
served as a model system for many biological studies. To begin to provide a
historical context for these investigations, we generated a complete matrix
of DNA hybridization distances among 26 hummingbirds and an outgroup swift
(Chaetura pelagica) to determine the principal hummingbird lineages. FITCH
topologies estimated from symmetrized delta TmH-C values and subjected to
various validation methods (bootstrapping, weighted jackknifing, branch
length significance) indicated a fundamental split between hermit
(Eutoxeres aquila, Threnetes ruckeri; Phaethornithinae) and nonhermit
(Trochilinae) hummingbirds, and provided strong support for six principal
nonhermit clades with the following branching order: (1) a predominantly
lowland group comprising caribs (Eulampis holosericeus) and relatives
(Androdon aequatorialis and Heliothryx barroti) with violet-ears (Colibri
coruscans) and relatives (Doryfera ludovicae); (2) an Andean-associated
clade of highly polytypic taxa (Eriocnemis, Heliodoxa, and Coeligena); (3)
a second endemic Andean clade (Oreotrochilus chimborazo, Aglaiocercus
coelestis, and Lesbia victoriae) paired with thorntails (Popelairia
conversii); (4) emeralds and relatives (Chlorostilbon mellisugus, Amazilia
tzacatl, Thalurania colombica, Orthorhyncus cristatus and Campylopterus
villaviscensio); (5) mountain-gems (Lampornis clemenciae and Eugenes
fulgens); and (6) tiny bee-like forms (Archilochus colubris, Myrtis fanny,
Acestrura mulsant, and Philodice mitchellii). Corresponding analyses on a
matrix of unsymmetrized delta values gave similar support for these
relationships except that the branching order of the two Andean clades (2,
3 above) was unresolved. In general, subsidiary relationships were
consistent and well supported by both matrices, sometimes revealing
surprising associations between forms that differ dramatically in plumage
and bill morphology. Our results also reveal some basic aspects of
hummingbird ecologic and morphologic evolution. For example, most of the
diverse endemic Andean assemblage apparently comprises two genetically
divergent clades, whereas the majority of North American hummingbirds
belong a single third clade. Genetic distances separating some
morphologically distinct genera (Oreotrochilus, Aglaiocercus, Lesbia;
Myrtis, Acestrura, Philodice) were no greater than among congeneric
(Coeligena) species, indicating that, in hummingbirds, morphological
divergence does not necessarily reflect level of genetic divergence.
相似文献
95.
96.
Loss of phylogenetic information in chorion gene families of Bombyx mori gene conversion 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Regier JC; Weigmann BM; Leclerc RF; Friedlander TP 《Molecular biology and evolution》1994,11(1):72-87
The silkmoth chorion has provided a stimulating model for the study of
evolution and developmental regulation of gene families. Previous attempts
at inferring relationships among chorion sequences have been based on
pairwise comparisons of overall similarity, a potentially problematic
approach. To remedy this, we identified the alignable regions of low
sequence variability and then analyzed this restricted database by
parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. At the deepest level, the chorion
sequence tree is split into two branches, called "alpha" and "beta." Within
each branch, early- and late-expressing genes each constitute monophyletic
groups, while the situation with middle-expressing genes remains uncertain.
The HcB gene family appears to be the most basal beta-branch group, but
this conclusion is qualified because the effect of gene conversion on
branching order is unknown. Previous studies by Eickbush and colleagues
have strongly suggested that ErA, HcA, and HcB families undergo gene
conversion within a gene family, whereas the ErB family does not. The
occurrence of conversion correlates with a particular tree structure;
namely, branch lengths are much greater at the base of the family than at
higher internodes and terminal branches. These observations raise the
possibility that chorion gene families are defined by gene conversion
events (reticulate evolution) rather than by descent with modification
(synapomorphy).
相似文献
97.
The production of cytokinins by plant-associated bacteria was examined by radioimmunoassay. Strains producing trans-zeatin were identified in the genera Agrobacterium and Pseudomonas. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains containing nopaline tumor-inducing plasmids, A. tumefaciens Lippia isolates, and Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains produced trans-zeatin in culture at 0.5 to 44 micrograms/liter. Pseudomonas solanacearum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi produced trans-zeatin at levels of up to 1 mg/liter. In vitro cytokinin biosynthetic activity was measured for representative strains and was found to correlate with trans-zeatin production. The genetic locus for trans-zeatin secretion (tzs) was cloned from four strains: A. tumefaciens T37, A. rhizogenes A4, P. solanacearum K60, and P. syringae pv. savastanoi 1006. Southern blot analysis showed substantial homology of the Agrobacterium tzs genes to each other but not to the two Pseudomonas genes. 相似文献
98.
99.
Henry A. Regier 《Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery (Formerly Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health)》1992,1(1):25-37
The concepts of ecosystem and integrity effectively entered the binational political arena in the Great Lakes Basin in the early 1970's. They were brought together explicitly in the statement of the purpose of the 1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The 1987 Protocol to that Agreement has helped to specify the practical meaning of ecosystem integrity of the Great Lakes Basin. The proceedings of a binational workshop in 1988, titled An Ecosystem Approach to the Integrity of the Great Lakes Basin in Turbulent Times, helped to clarify the conceptual meaning. An Ecosystem Charter for the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin was proposed in 1989 to help achieve more thorough implementation of the commitment to ecosystem integrity. The evolutionary emergence of this political concept and related practice is described in the paper.List of abbreviations used in the text CUSIS
Canada-U.S. Inter-University Seminar Series
- LAA
Environmental Lakes Area
- EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
- GLBC
Great Lakes Basin Commission
- GLC
Great Lakes Commission
- GLER
Great Lakes Ecosystem Rehabilitation
- GLFC
Great Lakes Fishery Commission
- GLSAB
Great Lakes Science Advisory Board
- GLU
Great Lakes United
- GLWQA
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
- HASP
Heritage Area Security Plan
- IBP
International Biological Program
- IJC
International Joint Commission
- IZAP
Inundation Zone Adaptive Plan
- LAMP
Lake-wide Management Plan
- LLRS
Lake Levels Reference Study
- MAB
Man and the Biosphere program
- NEPA
National Environmental Policy Act
- PLUARG
Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group
- RAP
Remedial Action Plan
- SCOL
Salmonid Communities in Oligotrophic Lakes
- SGLFMP
Strategic Great Lakes Fishery Management Plan
- SPOF
Strategic Plan for Ontario Fisheries
- UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society. Symposium at the University of Waterloo, July 23–25, 1990. 相似文献
100.
Water quality and algal populations in the Vaal River Barrage Reservoir have been monitored extensively for many decades, because of its importance as a water source for the most densely populated area in South Africa. Although Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen is frequently found and at it times dominates algal assemblages in the Barrage, Aulacoseira ambigua (F.Meister) Tuji & D.M.Williams has never before been recorded at this locality. During a countrywide proficiency-testing scheme for algae counting, coordinated by Rand Water, spiral-shaped diatom colonies with distinctly curved cells were detected during May 2015. Upon investigation, it was found that the spiral colonies were Aulacoseira ambigua f. japonica, its presence in the fresh waters of South Africa being recorded for the first time. Since their first appearance during May 2015, colonies of Aulacoseira ambigua f. japonica have been constantly present in the surface waters of the Barrage. Their presence at this site can be linked to increasing eutrophication in the Vaal River, because the spiral form is known to prefer eutrophic conditions. Centric diatoms rarely form spiral colonies and there is some confusion in the literature as to the identity of this particular form, therefore in this paper we discuss this taxon, its nomenclature and ecological significance. 相似文献