Short chain flavour esters synthesis by microbial lipases

Summary The peparative synthesis of 35 short chain flavour esters by lipases fromMucor miehi, Aspergillus sp.,Candida rugosa andRhizopus arrhizus was investigated in organic media. Acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric and caproic acids, as well as methanol, ethanol, butanol, i-pentanol, hexanol, citronellol and geraniol were used as substrates. Most of the esters were synthesized in good yield by at least one of the lipase preparations tested. Different conversion yields were observed according to the lipase specificity toward the acid or the alcohol moiety of the ester. Methyl- and ethyl acetates were also produced by changing the organic solvent. Enzymatic catalysis in organic solvent is thought to be a valuable method for preparative synthesis of flavour esters.     

Evolution of gene families and relationship with organismal evolution: rapid divergence of tissue-specific genes in the early evolution of chordates

To determine a possible relationship between organismal and molecular evolution, the divergence patterns of gene families were examined by taking special notice of functional difference, tissue distribution, and intracellular localization of the members. A phylogenetic analysis of 25 different gene families revealed interesting patterns of divergence of these families: Most gene duplications giving rise to different functions antedate the vertebrates-arthropods separation. On the other hand, in a group of members carrying virtually identical function to one another but differing in tissue distribution (tissue- specific isoform), most gene duplications have occurred independently in each of vertebrates and arthropods after the separation of the two animal groups. In family members encoding molecules localizing in cell compartments (compartmentalized isoforms), the gene duplications antedate the animals-fungi separation. In the cases of the Ca2+ pump and rab subfamilies, the compartmentalized isoforms were shown to have diverged during the early evolution of eukaryotes. A phylogenetic analysis of the tissue-specific isoforms from 26 different subfamilies revealed extensive gene duplications and rapid rates of amino acid substitutions in the early evolution of chordates before the separation of fishes and tetrapods. On the contrary, the genetic variations are relatively low in the later period. This pattern of evolution observed at the molecular level is correlated well with that of tissue evolution based on fossil evidence and morphological data, and thus evolution at the two levels may be related.      

Hurricane Risk Variability along the Gulf of Mexico Coastline

Hurricane risk characteristics are examined across the U. S. Gulf of Mexico coastline using a hexagonal tessellation. Using an extreme value model, parameters are collected representing the rate or λ (frequency), the scale or σ (range), and the shape or ξ (intensity) of the extreme wind distribution. These latent parameters and the 30-year return level are visualized across the grid. The greatest 30-year return levels are located toward the center of the Gulf of Mexico, and for inland locations, along the borders of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Using a geographically weighted regression model, the relationship of these parameters to sea surface temperature (SST) is found to assess sensitivity to change. It is shown that as SSTs increase near the coast, the frequency of hurricanes in these grids decrease significantly. This reinforces the importance of SST in areas of likely tropical cyclogenesis in determining the number of hurricanes near the coast, along with SSTs along the lifespan of the storm, rather than simply local SST. The range of hurricane wind speeds experienced near Florida is shown to increase with increasing SSTs (insignificant), suggesting that increased temperatures may allow hurricanes to maintain their strength as they pass over the Florida peninsula. The modifiable areal unit problem is assessed using multiple grid sizes. Moran’s I and the local statistic G are calculated to examine spatial autocorrelation in the parameters. This research opens up future questions regarding rapid intensification and decay close to the coast and the relationship to changing SSTs.     

Functional linear models for region-based association analysis

Regional association analysis is one of the most powerful tools for gene mapping because instead analysis of individual variants it simultaneously considers all variants in the region. Recent development of the models for regional association analysis involves functional data analysis approach. In the framework of this approach, genotypes of variants within region as well as their effects are described by continuous functions. Such approach allows us to use information about both linkage and linkage disequilibrium and reduce the influence of noise and/or observation errors. Here we define a functional linear mixed model to test association on independent and structured samples. We demonstrate how to test fixed and random effects of a set of genetic variants in the region on quantitative trait. Estimation of statistical properties of new methods shows that type I errors are in accordance with declared values and power is high especially for models with fixed effects of genotypes. We suppose that new functional regression linear models facilitate identification of rare genetic variants controlling complex human and animal traits. New methods are implemented in computer software FREGAT which is available for free download at http://mga.bionet.nsc.ru/soft/FREGAT/.     

Stability of 3' dangling ends on the core helix of AUGCAU at various Na+ concentrations.

Stability increments of 3' dangling ends on the core helices AUGCAU at various Na+ concentrations are reported. The results show that all 3' dangling ends except 3'U dangling at low Na+ concentrations can stabilize the helix and this stabilization is very sequence dependent.     

Genome‐wide detection of CNVs associated with beak deformity in chickens using high‐density 600K SNP arrays

Beak deformity (crossed beaks) is found in several indigenous chicken breeds including Beijing‐You studied here. Birds with deformed beaks have reduced feed intake and poor production performance. Recently, copy number variation (CNV) has been examined in many species and is recognized as a source of genetic variation, especially for disease phenotypes. In this study, to unravel the genetic mechanisms underlying beak deformity, we performed genome‐wide CNV detection using Affymetrix chicken high‐density 600K data on 48 deformed‐beak and 48 normal birds using penncnv . As a result, two and eight CNV regions (CNVRs) covering 0.32 and 2.45 Mb respectively on autosomes were identified in deformed‐beak and normal birds respectively. Further RT‐qPCR studies validated nine of the 10 CNVRs. The ratios of six CNVRs were significantly different between deformed‐beak and normal birds (P < 0.01). Within these six regions, three and 21 known genes were identified in deformed‐beak and normal birds respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that these genes were enriched in six GO terms and one KEGG pathway. Five candidate genes in the CNVRs were further validated using RT‐qPCR. The expression of LRIG2 (leucine rich repeats and immunoglobulin like domains 2) was lower in birds with deformed beaks (P < 0.01). Therefore, the LRIG2 gene could be considered a key factor in view of its known functions and its potential roles in beak deformity. Overall, our results will be helpful for future investigations of the genomic structural variations underlying beak deformity in chickens.