MTNR1a和MTNR1b基因在繁殖期与非繁殖期雄性高原鼢鼠HPG轴上的表达

高原鼢鼠 (Eospalax baileyi) 终年营地下生活,感光受洞道限制,但褪黑素 (Melatonin) 分泌水平仍存有季节差异,为探明褪黑素对高原鼢鼠季节性繁殖的调控作用,研究利用q?PCR技术检测雄性高原鼢鼠繁殖期 (5月) 和非繁殖期 (9月) 下丘脑、垂体及睾丸中褪黑素受体1a (Melatonin receptor 1a, MTNR1a) 和褪黑素受体1b (Melatonin receptor 1b, MTNR1b) 基因mRNA的相对表达量,通过免疫组织化学技术对MTNR1a和MTNR1b在睾丸中定位,并采用Image Pro Plus软件进行免疫组化阳性评价。结果发现,高原鼢鼠繁殖期下丘脑和垂体中MTNR1a基因的相对表达量显著高于非繁殖期的相对表达量 (P < 0.05),MTNR1b基因的相对表达量在不同时期无显著差异 (P > 0.05),但非繁殖期睾丸中MTNR1a和MTNR1b基因的相对表达量均显著高于繁殖期 (P < 0.01);繁殖期除长形精子外的所有类型细胞以及非繁殖期的间质细胞、支持细胞和精原细胞中均观察到MTNR1a的阳性信号,繁殖期除精原细胞和长形精子细胞外的所有类型细胞,以及非繁殖期间质细胞和支持细胞中均观察到MTNR1b的阳性信号,且非繁殖期MTNR1a和MTNR1b的平均光密度值均显著高于繁殖期 (P < 0.01)。MTNR1a和MTNR1b基因在雄性高原鼢鼠HPG轴上的表达模式,提示了褪黑素在其季节性繁殖调控中的潜在作用。     

The auxin response factor,OsARF19, controls rice leaf angles through positively regulating OsGH3‐5 and OsBRI1

Auxin and brassinosteroid (BR) are important phytohormones for controlling lamina inclination implicated in plant architecture and grain yield. But the molecular mechanism of auxin and BR crosstalk for regulating lamina inclination remains unknown. Auxin response factors (ARFs) control various aspects of plant growth and development. We here report that OsARF19‐overexpression rice lines show an enlarged lamina inclination due to increase of its adaxial cell division. OsARF19 is expressed in various organs including lamina joint and strongly induced by auxin and BR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and yeast one‐hybrid assays demonstrate that OsARF19 binds to the promoter of OsGH3‐5 and brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (OsBRI1) directing their expression. OsGH3‐5‐overexpression lines show a similar phenotype as OsARF19‐O1. Free auxin contents in the lamina joint of OsGH3‐5‐O1 or OsARF19‐O1 are reduced. OsGH3‐5 is localized at the endoplasmic retieulum (ER) matching reduction of the free auxin contents in OsGH3‐5‐O1. osarf19‐TDNA and osgh3‐5‐Tos17 mutants without erected leaves show a function redundancy with other members of their gene family. OsARF19‐overexpression lines are sensitive to exogenous BR treatment and alter the expressions of genes related to BR signalling. These findings provide novel insights into auxin and BR signalling, and might have significant implications for improving plant architecture of monocot crops.     

妊娠及哺乳期母鼠注射麻黄素对仔鼠肝组织TGF-β1和c-Fos表达的影响

为探讨妊娠及哺乳期小鼠(Mus musculus)注射麻黄素后对仔鼠肝组织TGF-β1及c-Fos表达的影响,将30例受孕小鼠随机分为对照组和麻黄素组。麻黄素组小鼠从受孕第3天开始连续腹腔注射6.0 g/L麻黄素溶液直到分娩后15天,每天注射2次,每次0.2 ml;对照组每天2次注射等量的生理盐水。称量检测仔鼠体重和肝重的变化,同时用免疫组织化学方法检测仔鼠肝组织中细胞生长因子TGF-β1和原癌基因c-Fos蛋白表达的变化。麻黄素组仔鼠体重与对照组相比显著降低(P0.05或P0.01),肝体比与对照组相比明显升高(P0.05或P0.01),仔鼠肝组织中TGF-β1和c-Fos蛋白阳性表达强度与对照组相比有不同程度的增强(P0.05或P0.01),表明妊娠及哺乳期小鼠注射麻黄素影响仔鼠肝的发育。     

烟粉虱内共生菌 Rickettsia 在植物体内的分布及转移效率初探

【目的】检测 Q 型烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius）体内 Rickettsia 的感染情况,研究分析Rickettsia 共生菌经烟粉虱传入豇豆植物后的分布、转移效率等。【方法】以 Q 型烟粉虱为实验材料,利用常规 PCR 及荧光原位杂交技术(FISH),检测了烟粉虱体内 Rickettsia 的感染率,以及 Rickettsia 传入豇豆植物体内后的存留情况。【结果】 Q 型烟粉虱可以通过取食将 Rickettsia 传至豇豆植株内;接虫数量与 Rickettsia传入效率及其在取食部位相邻的下部叶片中检测到的起始时间呈负相关;Rickettsia 经烟粉虱取食传入豇豆叶片后,集中分布在叶片的韧皮部筛管中;基于16S rRNA 的系统发育分析结果表明,Q 型烟粉虱体内的Rickettsia 与经取食传入豇豆叶片的 Rickettsia 高度同源。【结论】 Rickettsia 可以通过烟粉虱的取食传入植物体内,并且可以在相邻叶片之间转移传播,Rickettsia 在由寄主昆虫向植株传播过程中高度保守。     

青藏高原草地双子叶植物叶片的气孔特征研究

利用光学显微镜对青藏高原29种草地双子叶植物叶片的气孔形态与数量特征进行观察及差异显著性分析,为揭示青藏高原草地双子叶植物对高原环境的适应机制及探索气孔作为辅助分类的依据奠定理论基础。结果表明:(1)青藏高原草地双子叶植物大多数种类在叶片上、下表皮均分布有气孔,气孔随机排列,气孔器多为无规则型。(2)气孔长度(SL)较小,上、下表皮的气孔平均长度分别为26.20μm与25.56μm,且气孔密度(SD)与气孔指数(SI)相对较大。(3)不同科、属、种间叶片上、下表皮的SL、SD、SI差异均极显著。(4)叶片上、下表皮的6个气孔数量特征之间具有显著相关关系。(5)上表皮的SL、SD与不同科、属、种间显著相关,下表皮除SI与物种间相关不显著外,其他指标与科、属、种间显著相关。研究认为,青藏高原草地双子叶植物独特的气孔形态与数量特征是对高寒极端环境长期适应的结果,且气孔数量特征对植物辅助分类具有重要价值。     

欧美杨对PM_(2.5)中重金属铅的吸附、吸收及适应性变化

针对PM2.5中重金属铅污染的日益加重问题,本文利用气溶胶发生系统模拟PM2.5含铅颗粒的发生,研究欧美杨107(Populus euramericana‘Neva’)叶片在不同浓度含铅颗粒物污染处理下对铅的吸附、吸收和转运,以及叶片气孔和相应生理指标的变化。结果表明:欧美杨叶片表面能够吸附含铅颗粒物,重度污染处理的叶片吸附的颗粒物数量多于轻度污染处理。2种铅污染浓度处理的欧美杨均是叶片中的铅含量最高,茎和根中的铅含量较少。但不同污染处理下叶中的铅向茎和根中的运输存在差异。轻度污染处理第3天时,叶中的铅仅运输至茎部,到第7天时运输至根,而在重度污染处理的第3天,叶中的铅已运输至根部。超微结构观察显示,叶片表皮细胞中的铅仅在细胞壁中出现,通过质外体向内运输至叶肉细胞,而叶肉细胞中的铅主要分布在细胞壁和细胞质,液泡中有少量分布。2种污染浓度处理后,随处理时间的延长,欧美杨叶片气孔的开度变小,叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量逐渐升高以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐增强。研究表明,欧美杨叶片具有吸附、吸收PM2.5中铅的能力,同时通过降低气孔开度、渗透调节、提高抗氧化能力等生理过程来应对大气中的铅污染。     

Phylogeographical patterns in Coenosia attenuata (Diptera: Muscidae): a widespread predator of insect species associated with greenhouse crops

The tiger‐fly Coenosia attenuata is a globally widespread predatory fly which is not only associated with greenhouse crops, but also occurs in open fields. It is a potential control agent against some of the more common pests in these crops. Assessing the genetic structure and gene flow patterns may be important for planning crop protection strategies and for understanding the historical processes that led to the present distribution of genetic lineages within this species. In the present study, the phylogeographical patterns of this species, based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and nuclear white and elongation factor‐1α genes, are described, revealing relatively low genetic diversity and weak genetic structure associated with a recent and sudden population expansion of the species. The geographical distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes indicates the Mediterranean as the most likely region of origin of the species. Some dispersal patterns of the species are also revaled, including at least three independent colonizations of North and South America: one from Middle East to North America with a strong bottleneck event, another from Europe to South America (Chile), with both likely to be a result of unintentional introduction, and a third one of still undetermined origin to South America (Ecuador). © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 114 , 308–326.     

大鼠胰岛分离、培养条件的优化及miR-126表达的检测方法比较

目的:优化SD大鼠胰岛细胞的分离、纯化和培养方法与条件,为研究miR-126在Ⅱ型糖尿病中的作用机制提供活性与功能良好的胰岛细胞及miR-126表达的检测方法。方法:水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉SD大鼠,采用8 mL胶原酶Ⅴ(含DNaseⅠ100 U)逆行注射、原位消化后Hitopaque-1077梯度离心分离纯化SD大鼠胰岛细胞,从培养后的胰岛细胞中提取总RNA,分别用加尾法和茎环法进行miR-126的反转录,实时定量PCR(qPCR)检测miR-126的表达量。结果:用该方法可从每只SD大鼠中分离、纯化得到胰岛细胞372±45个,胰岛细胞纯度90%,胰岛细胞存活率95%;用加尾法和茎环法qPCR检测miR-126的Cp值分别为34.56±2.56和32.47±2.01。结论:胶原酶Ⅴ(含DNaseⅠ100 U)逆行注射、原位消化可有效避免因消化时胶状物质的产生而导致的胰岛细胞分离失败,Hitopque-1077梯度离心分离方法具有操作简单、便捷、成功率高等特点,可得到活性与功能较好的胰岛细胞;与加尾法相比,茎环法能够更灵敏地检测胰岛细胞miR-126的表达量。     

Hydrological responses of a valley‐bottom wetland to land‐use/land‐cover change in a South African catchment: making a case for wetland restoration

Valley‐bottom wetlands are valuable assets as they provide many ecosystem services to mankind. Despite their value, valley‐bottom wetlands are often exploited and land‐use/land‐cover (LULC) change results in trade‐offs in ecosystem services. We coupled physically based hydrological modeling and spatial analysis to examine the effects of LULC change on water‐related ecosystem services in the Kromme catchment: an important water‐providing catchment for the city of Port Elizabeth. LULC scenarios were constructed to match 5 different decades in the last 50 years to explore the potential effects of restoring the catchment to different historic benchmarks. In the Kromme catchment, valley‐bottom wetlands have declined by 84%, driven by key LULC changes: an increase in irrigated land (307 ha) and invasion by alien trees (336 ha). If the wetlands were restored to the relatively pristine extent and condition of the 1950s, riverflow could increase by approximately 1.13 million m³/a, about 6% of the current supply to Port Elizabeth. Wetland restoration would also significantly improve the catchment's ability to absorb extreme rainfall events, decreasing flood damage. We conclude that in the face of the water scarcity in this region, all ecosystem services, particularly those related to water flow regulation, should be taken into account by decision makers in charge of land zonation. Zonation decisions should not continue to be made on the basis of provisioning ecosystem services alone (i.e. food provision or dam yield). We recommend prioritization of the preservation and restoration of valley‐bottom wetlands providing water‐related ecosystem services to settlements downstream.