全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8878篇 |
免费 | 909篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 49篇 |
2022年 | 146篇 |
2021年 | 282篇 |
2020年 | 142篇 |
2019年 | 184篇 |
2018年 | 217篇 |
2017年 | 206篇 |
2016年 | 361篇 |
2015年 | 555篇 |
2014年 | 554篇 |
2013年 | 586篇 |
2012年 | 751篇 |
2011年 | 763篇 |
2010年 | 494篇 |
2009年 | 393篇 |
2008年 | 572篇 |
2007年 | 562篇 |
2006年 | 444篇 |
2005年 | 421篇 |
2004年 | 431篇 |
2003年 | 358篇 |
2002年 | 338篇 |
2001年 | 94篇 |
2000年 | 76篇 |
1999年 | 81篇 |
1998年 | 86篇 |
1997年 | 52篇 |
1996年 | 51篇 |
1995年 | 40篇 |
1994年 | 28篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 35篇 |
1991年 | 33篇 |
1990年 | 25篇 |
1989年 | 24篇 |
1988年 | 17篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 18篇 |
1985年 | 21篇 |
1984年 | 28篇 |
1983年 | 19篇 |
1982年 | 17篇 |
1981年 | 25篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 17篇 |
1978年 | 20篇 |
1976年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 12篇 |
1972年 | 11篇 |
1971年 | 11篇 |
排序方式: 共有9790条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
Norman R. Drinkwater Rebecca C. Corner J. Justin McCormick Veronica M. Maher 《Mutation research》1982,106(2):277-289
The sensitivity of diploid human fibroblasts to the cytotoxic effects of diphtheria toxin (DT) depended on the cell growth status. Exponentially growing cells treated with 10?3-1 lethal flocculating units (LF) of DT/ml for 4 days survived with a frequency of 4 × 10?4. However, the DT-resistant phenotype of colonies isolated under these conditions was not stable. When the growth of the cells had been arrested by confluence or deprivation of serum growth factors prior to treatment with DT (4 days, 10?3-0.6 LF/ml), the survival decreased to 2 × 10?6 and the resistance of isolated colonies was stable. An in situ assay for induced DT-resistant mutants was developed in order to avoid problems associated with the possible reduced viability of the mutants relative to that of wild-type cells. A reproducible and linear dose response was obtained for the induction of DT-resistant mutants by ethylnitrosourea. The mutants were induced with high frequency by this compound (e.g., 10?3 mutants/viable cell at a 37% survival dose); complete expression of the mutant phenotype occurred after 6 generations of growth under nonselective conditions. Isolated mutant colonies showed stable resistance to DT and were cross-resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. 相似文献
82.
The role of function in the formation of the skull 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G H Schumacher D Ivánkievicz J Fangh?nel 《Acta morphologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae》1979,27(1-2):53-56
Partial resection of the mandible, resection of the chewing muscles, amputation of extremities and ligature of the common carotid artery were performed in animals different in chewing type (dogs, sheep, rabbits and rats). These studies revealed a close relation between shape and function. It was shown that changes in function have a decisive effect on the development and shaping of the skull bones and musculature. 相似文献
83.
A 3-year study was conducted on an existing, one-cell, facultative sewage lagoon having a total surface area of 3.6 ha and receiving a BOD5 loading rate of 44 kglhald (40 Iblald). The comparative experimental periods ran from July through November for 3 consecutive years. During the first period, water hyacinths completely covered the lagoon. The water hyacinth coverage was reduced to 33% of the total surface area the second year. The lagoon, free of all vascular aquatic plants the third year, was monitored for comparative purposes. The most significant improvement overall in the effluent quality occurred when water hyacinths covered the entire lagoon. During this period the effluent BOD5 and TSS were 23 and 6 mgll, respectively. Without water hyacinths, the effluent BOD5 and TSS were 52 and 77 mgll, respectively. The effluent total organic carbon concentration with water hyacinths averaged 40 mgll, and without water hyacinths, 72 mgll. A discussion of the results from this 3-year study is presented in this paper along with associated problems that were observed when water hyacinths were introduced into the lagoon and altered its behavior from that of a normal facultative lagoon. 相似文献
84.
Claramma M. Chacko Rebecca S. Wappner Ira K. Brandt Henry L. Nadler 《Human genetics》1977,37(3):261-270
Summary A new variant of clinical galactosemia with two hitherto unidentified alleles on the transferase locus in one family is described. This new clinical variant of transferase has 25% of normal control activity in blood and in skin fibroblasts, and the patient accumulates galactose-1-phosphate in blood on an unrestricted galactose diet. Using starch gel electrophoresis on the hemolysate of the family members, a fast-moving transferase with mobility in between those of the normal control and of the Duarte variant is identified. This new allele is designated as
(fast-moving Chicago variant). In addition, a second new allele was documented in this family by studying the instability of the transferase enzyme in hemolysates of family members at 50°C for various time intervals. This new allele is designated as
(heat-labile Chicago variant). On the basis of the studies, the transferase genotype of this patients is thought to be a double heterozygote compound,
/GALTG. 相似文献
85.
86.
Harvey R. Herschman Dennis S. Passovoy Rebecca M. Pruss Aharon Aharonov 《Journal of cellular biochemistry》1978,8(3):263-268
The growth-promoting activities of fetal bovine serum, cortisol, phorbol myristate acetate, prostaglandin F2α, insulin, epidermal growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor were evaluated on four murine embryo cell lines (Swiss 3T3, Balb 3T3, M2, and C3H10T1/2). Each cell had an unique response spectrum to this collection of reported mitogens. Phorbol myristate acetate and prostaglandin F2α were active only on selected cell lines; cortisol was inactive on all four lines. Serum, epidermal growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor were able to stimulate cell division in all four lines, albeit to varying degrees for the different target cells. 相似文献
87.
A. Böck R. Wirth G. Schmid G. Schumacher G. Lang P. Buckel 《FEMS microbiology letters》1983,20(2):141-144
88.
A steady-state kinetic analysis of the activation of bovine Factor X, by bovine Factor Xa, was undertaken. The activation was found to be dependent on the presence of divalent cations; Ca2+ showing the greatest stimulatory effect and Mn2+ exhibiting a lower degree of activity for this reaction. Although Sr2+ and Mg2+ were ineffective when present alone, each contributed synergistically to the activation rate at suboptimal levels of Ca2+. The effect of phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylserine, 4:1, w:w) on the rate of activation and on the activation pathway was investigated. Phospholipid (PL) concentrations of up to 40 μm had no effect on the activation rate; whereas, concentrations of 40–180 μm were slightly inhibitory. In the absence of PL, the major product of the activation was Factor α-Xa, while in the presence of PL, lower-molecular-weight forms of Factor X (Factor β-X) and Factor Xa (Factor β-Xa were produced. At saturating levels of Ca2+, the Km app for the activation, at pH 7.4 and 37 °C, in the absence of PL, was found to be 0.6 ± 0.1 μm and the V was 1.7 ± 0.3 mol Factor X cleaved min?1 mol?1 Factor Xa. The corresponding values, in the presence of 90 μm PL, were 1.4 ± 0.2 μm and 2.2 ± 0.2 mol Factor X cleaved min?1 mol?1 Factor Xa. 相似文献
89.
90.
Michael Solursh Karen L. Jensen Carl T. Singley Thomas F. Linsenmayer Rebecca S. Reiter 《Developmental biology》1982,94(2):311-325
The effect of developmental stage on chondrogenic capacity in high-density cell cultures of chick embryonic wing bud mesenchyme is examined. Mesenchyme from stage 19 embryos forms aggregates of closely associated cells which do not form cartilage matrix, nor contain significant levels of type II collagen that are detectable by immunofluorescence, unless they are treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Mesenchyme from stage 24 embryonic wing buds in high-density cell cultures will spontaneously form cartilage, as defined by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence with antibody to type II collagen. Cultures prepared from stage 26 wings form numerous aggregates which fail to accumulate an Alcian blue-staining matrix and which resemble mesenchyme cells morphologically. However, because these cells show considerable intracellular immunofluorescence for type II collagen, they are actually unexpressed cartilage cells. Several treatments, including exposure to dibutyryl cyclic AMP, ascorbic acid and an atmosphere of 5% oxygen, or mixture with small numbers of stage 24 wing mesenchyme cells, stimulate expression, as determined by the accumulation of an Alcian blue-staining matrix and an ultrastructurally recognizable cartilage matrix. Since the addition of similar numbers of differentiated cartilage cells does not stimulate expression of stage 26 cells, it is proposed that initial cartilage expression is dependent on a mesenchyme-specific influence which might be removed by cell dissociation. These studies demonstrate that there are at least two distinct transitions in cartilage differentiation: one involves the conversion of mesenchyme to unexpressed chondrocytes and the second involves mesenchyme-dependent expression of chondrogenic differentiation. 相似文献