Human mast cell proteases hydrolyze neurotensin, kinetensin and Leu5-enkephalin.

Purified mast cell carboxypeptidase cleaved the C-terminal leucines from Leu5-enkephalin (Leu-ENK), neurotensin (NT), and kinetensin (KT), with Km values of 36, 16, and 15 microM, and kcat values of 44, 51, and 53 s-1, respectively. To better predict potential in vivo hydrolysis products generated by mast cell proteases, these peptides were incubated with released skin mast cell supernatants. Leu5-enkephalin was hydrolyzed only by carboxypeptidase. Kinetensin was cleaved by tryptase, chymase, and carboxypeptidase to yield KT(1-3), KT(1-7), KT(1-8), KT(4-7), and KT(4-8), the last two peptides by the concerted action of two of the proteases. NT(1-11) and NT(1-12) were generated from neurotensin by chymase and carboxypeptidase, respectively.     

Distribution of opioidergic,sympathetic and neuropeptide Y-positive nerves in the sphincter of Oddi and biliary tree of the monkey,Macaca fascicularis

Summary The opioidergic, sympathetic and neuropeptide Y-positive innervation of the sphincter of Oddi (common bile duct sphincter and pancreatic duct sphincter), as well as other segments of the extrahepatic biliary tree was studied in the monkey by use of immunohistochemistry. Methionine-enkephalin-positive nerves were seen to innervate the smooth muscle of all portions of the sphincter of Oddi and also local ganglion cells. No methionine-enkephalin-positive nerves could be detected in the common bile duct, pancreatic duct or gallbladder. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerves occurred between smooth muscle bundles and also ran to local ganglion cells as well as along the common bile duct. Neuropeptide Y-positive nerves were observed within smooth muscle of the sphincter of Oddi (all portions), common bile duct, pancreatic duct and gallbladder. No evidence of any differential innervation of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct sphincters could be detected with these markers.     

Isolation and partial characterization of an ion channel protein from human sperm membranes

Human sperm cells were fractionated and plasma membrane proteins were separated by molecular gel sieving chromatography (Sephacryl S-200 followed by HPLC). A pore-forming protein was extracted from sperm cell membranes. The partially purified protein migrated with Mr 100,000-110,000, as determined by molecular sieving gel chromatography, and with a Mr 90,000 when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. The channel activity was also extracted with Triton X-114, suggesting a hydrophobic nature for this protein. This protein was incorporated into planar lipid bilayers, resulting in the formation of voltage-dependent ion channels. Single channel fluctuations of 130 pS/unit in 0.1 M NaCl were resolved; however, channels preferentially aggregated in triplets having an open state life-time that persisted for several seconds. The channels studied here were more selective for monovalent cations than anions, but also showed some permeability to anions and larger electrolytes, suggesting a large functional pore diameter. The role of this sperm channel in normal sperm physiology and/or fertilization is presently unclear.     

Effects of atrial natriuretic factor on urinary concentration of catecholamines and renin secretion in dogs

This study evaluated the effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) on renal hemodynamics, urinary excretion of electrolytes, norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA); and renal production of renin in anesthetized dogs. Following a bolus (1 micrograms/kg body weight) and infusion (0.1 microgram/kg/min) for 30 min, there was significant increase in urine flow (220 +/- 41%), glomerular filtration rate (72 +/- 14%), and urinary sodium excretion (170 +/- 34%). There was a decrease in renin secretory rate and the concentration ratio of urine NE to DA following ANF was decreased (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that ANF decreases renal production of NE and renin.     

The distribution of cell surface proteins on spreading cells. Comparison of theory with experiment.

Bretscher (1983) has shown that on uniformly spread giant HeLa cells, the receptors for low density lipoprotein (LDL) and transferrin are concentrated toward the periphery of the cells. To explain these nonuniform distributions, he proposed that on giant HeLa cells, recycling receptors return to the cell surface at the cell's leading edge. Since the distribution of coated pits on these cells is uniform, Bretscher and Thomson (1983) proposed that there is a bulk membrane flow toward the cell centers. Here we present a mathematical model that allows us to predict the distribution of cell surface proteins on a thin circular cell, when exocytosis occurs at the cell periphery and endocytosis occurs uniformly over the cell surface. We show that on such a cell, a bulk membrane flow will be generated, whose average velocity is zero at the cell center and increases linearly with the distance from the cell center. Our model predicts that proteins that aggregate in coated pits will have concentrations that are maximal at the cell periphery. We fit our theory to the data of Bretscher and Thomson (1983) on the distribution of ferritin receptors for the following cases: the receptors move by diffusion alone; they move by bulk membrane flow alone; they move by a combination of diffusion and bulk membrane flow. From our fits we show that tau m greater than 3.5 tau p, where tau m and tau p are the lifetimes of the membrane and the ferritin receptor on the cell surface, and that tau pD less than 6.9 X 10(-7) cm2, where D is the ferritin receptor diffusion coefficient. Surprisingly, we obtain the best fits to the data when we neglect membrane flow. Our model predicts that for proteins that are excluded from coated pits, the protein concentration will be Gaussian, being maximal at the cell center and decreasing with the distance from the cell center. If on giant HeLa cells a protein with such a distribution could be found, it would strongly support Bretcher's proposal that there is an inward membrane flow.     

Immunochemical studies on the interaction between synthetic glycoconjugates and alpha-L-fucosyl binding lectins

Evonymus europaea lectin precipitated with alpha DGal(1----3) beta DGal(1----4)beta DGlcNAc-bovine serum albumin (BSA), alpha LFuc(1----2)beta DGal(1----3)beta DGlcNAc-BSA, alpha LFuc(1----2)beta DGal(1----4)DGlcNAc, and alpha DGal(1----3)[alpha LFuc(1----2)]beta DGal-BSA. However, the lectin neither precipitated with alpha LFuc(1----2)-beta DGal-BSA, alpha DGal(1----3)beta DGal-BSA, or beta DGal(1----4)beta DGlcNAc-BSA nor agglutinated erythrocytes of Oh phenotype having multiple terminal beta DGal(1----4)beta DGlcNAc residues. These results indicate that the minimal structural requirement for glycoprotein precipitation or cell agglutination by the lectin includes any of the three trisaccharides (fucosylated or nonfucosylated) derived from the blood group B tetrasaccharide. The monosaccharides linked to the beta-D-galactosyl residue in the blood group B tetrasaccharide, namely, alpha-D-galactose, alpha-L-fucose, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine, participate almost equally in binding to the lectin in as much as removal of any one of these sugars reduces the inhibiting potency of the resulting trisaccharide. alpha LFuc(1----2)beta DGal(1----3)beta DGlcNAc-BSA (H type 1) and alpha LFuc(1----2)beta DGal(1----4)beta DGlcNAc (H type 2) were precipitated to the same extent. The E. europaea lectin neither precipitated alpha DGal(1----4)-beta DGal(1----4)beta DGlcNAc-BSA, Lea-BSA, Leb-BSA, or beta DGlcNAc(1----4)[alpha LFuc(1----6)]beta DGlcNAc-BSA nor agglutinated Oh,Lea and Oh,Leb erythrocytes, demonstrating that terminal D-galactose linked alpha-(1----4) to subterminal beta-D-galactose, or alpha-L-fucose linked to N-acetylglucosamine, prevents lectin binding. Corey-Pauling-Koltun molecular models, built on the basis of data from 1H NMR and hard-sphere exo-anomeric (HSEA) calculations provided by Lemieux and co-workers [Lemieux, R. U., Bock, K., Delbaere, L. T. J., Koto, S., & Rao, V. S. (1980) Can. J. Chem. 58, 631-653], show that these alpha-D-galactosyl and alpha-L-fucosyl groups act to sterically hinder lectin binding to these oligosaccharides; these observations also suggest that the lectin binds to the beta-side of these oligosaccharides. These sides, on both blood group H type 1 and blood group H type 2 oligosaccharides, provide a similar contour which can fully account for their equal reactivity with E. europaea lectin. The only difference found between Lotus and Ulex I lectins in precipitating ability was that only Lotus precipitated with beta DGlcNAc(1----4)[alpha LFuc(1----6)]beta DGlcNAc-BSA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

The synaptonemal complex of Meloidogyne nataliei and its relationship to that of other Meloidogyne species

The four synaptonemal complexes (SC) in Meloidogyne nataliei (n=4) have normal, tripartite morphology, although the total width of the SC is only 50 nm. Each SC is attached at both ends to the nuclear envelope and there is no bouquet formation at pachytene. Pairing of homologues is regular but not complete, as there is one region on each bivalent where the SC is not formed. This region may be the fusion point of telomeres of nonhomologous chromosomes, since it is assumed that M. nataliei has been derived from an ancestral strain (n=8) via chromosomal fusions. In each pachytene nucleus there is a nonmembranous, vacuole-like structure of unknown function located in the nucleoplasm adjacent to the nucleolus, and of approximately the same volume as the nucleolus. The fact the SC structure of M. nataliei is strikingly different from that of most Meloidogyne species suggest that M. nataliei may not belong to the same phyletic group as the genus Meloidogyne.     

Locations and stability of Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA insertions in the Lycopersicon genome

Summary The genomic distribution and genetic behavior of DNA sequences introduced into the tomato genome by Agrobacterium tumefaciens were investigated in the backcross progeny of 10 transformed Lycopersicon esculentum x L. pennellii hybrids. All transformants were found to represent single locus insertions based on the co-segregation of restriction fragments corresponding to the T-DNA left and right border sequences in the backcross progeny. Isozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to test linkage relationships of the insertion in each backcross family. The T-DNA inserts in 9 of the 10 transformants were mapped in relation to one or more of these markers, and each mapped to a different chromosomal location. Because only one insertion did not show linkage with the markers employed, it must be located somewhere other than the genomic regions covered by the markers assayed. We conclude that Agrobacterium-mediated insertion in the Lycopersicon genome appears to be random at the chromosomal level. No discrepancies were found between the T-DNA genotype and the nopaline phenotype in the 322 backcross progeny of the nopaline positive transformants. Backcross progeny of two nopaline negative transformants showed incomplete correspondence between the T-DNA genotype and the kanamycin resistance phenotype. No alteration of T-DNA was observed in progeny showing a discrepancy between T-DNA and kanamycin resistance. However, two kanamycin resistant progeny plants of one of these two transformants possessed altered T-DNA restriction patterns, indicating genetic instability of the T-DNA in this transformant.Journal article no. 1223 of the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station     

A charge coupled device-based image cytophotometry system for quantitative histochemistry and cytochemistry

A rapid, semiautomated cytophotometry system for quantitative histochemistry and cytochemistry was constructed. The system consists of a Fairchild charge coupled device (CCD) image camera, a Zeiss Universal microscope, a Datacube analog to digital converter, and a digital Equipment Corporation LSI 11/23 computer operating under RT-11. Computer programs were written in FORTRAN and the MACRO assembly language for the acquisition of data from the CCD device. These data were then used for image segmentation, image display, and calculation of total optical density, perimeter, cell area, and several shape features. The reproducibility of measurement made with the CCD-based cytophotometry system was tested by repeated measurements. The coefficient of variation was estimated to be 1.7% for total optical density and 0.9% for cell area. The CCD-based cytophotometry system was further evaluated by comparing results with measurements made on the same cells with a scanning stage cytophotometer using the HIDACSYS computer programs. Correlation coefficients of 0.96 for total optical density and 0.91 for cell area were obtained between the two systems. We conclude that the high-speed, dimensional stability, small size, and linearity of the CCD-based cytophotometry system will make it useful for quantitative histochemistry and cytochemistry.