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941.
942.
Read AF 《Trends in ecology & evolution》1998,13(12):516-517
Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites. From Individuals to Communities by Robert Poulin, Chapman & Hall, 1998. £55.00 hbk (x+212 pages) ISBN 0 412 80560 X 相似文献
943.
Liu H Bergman NH Thomason B Shallom S Hazen A Crossno J Rasko DA Ravel J Read TD Peterson SN Yates J Hanna PC 《Journal of bacteriology》2004,186(1):164-178
The endospores of Bacillus anthracis are the infectious particles of anthrax. Spores are dormant bacterial morphotypes able to withstand harsh environments for decades, which contributes to their ability to be formulated and dispersed as a biological weapon. We monitored gene expression in B. anthracis during growth and sporulation using full genome DNA microarrays and matched the results against a comprehensive analysis of the mature anthrax spore proteome. A large portion (approximately 36%) of the B. anthracis genome is regulated in a growth phase-dependent manner, and this regulation is marked by five distinct waves of gene expression as cells proceed from exponential growth through sporulation. The identities of more than 750 proteins present in the spore were determined by multidimensional chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Comparison of data sets revealed that while the genes responsible for assembly and maturation of the spore are tightly regulated in discrete stages, many of the components ultimately found in the spore are expressed throughout and even before sporulation, suggesting that gene expression during sporulation may be mainly related to the physical construction of the spore, rather than synthesis of eventual spore content. The spore also contains an assortment of specialized, but not obviously related, metabolic and protective proteins. These findings contribute to our understanding of spore formation and function and will be useful in the detection, prevention, and early treatment of anthrax. This study also highlights the complementary nature of genomic and proteomic analyses and the benefits of combining these approaches in a single study. 相似文献
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945.
This is the first study to immunolocalise perlecan in meniscal tissues and to demonstrate how its localisation varied with
ageing relative to aggrecan and type I, II and IV collagen. Perlecan was present in the middle and inner meniscal zones where
it was expressed by cells of an oval or rounded morphology. Unlike the other components visualised in this study, perlecan
was strongly cell associated and its levels fell significantly with age onset and cell number decline. The peripheral outer
meniscal zones displayed very little perlecan staining other than in small blood vessels. Picrosirius red staining viewed
under polarised light strongly delineated complex arrangements of slender discrete randomly oriented collagen fibre bundles
as well as transverse, thick, strongly oriented, collagen tie bundles in the middle and outer meniscal zones. The collagen
fibres demarcated areas of the meniscus which were rich in anionic toluidine blue positive proteoglycans; immunolocalisations
confirmed the presence of aggrecan and perlecan. When meniscal sections were examined macroscopically, type II collagen localisation
in the inner meniscal zone was readily evident in the 2- to 7-day-old specimens; this became more disperse in the older meniscal
specimens. Type I collagen had a widespread distribution in all meniscal zones at all time points. Type IV collagen was strongly
associated with blood vessels in the 2- to 7-day-old meniscal specimens but was virtually undetectable at the later time points
(>7 month). 相似文献
946.
Recent research has raised the prospect of using insect fungal pathogens for the control of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. In the past, microbial control of insect pests in both medical and agricultural sectors has generally had limited success. We propose that it might now be possible to produce a cheap, safe and green tool for the control of malaria, which, in contrast to most chemical insecticides, will not eventually be rendered useless by evolution of resistance. Realizing this potential will require lateral thinking by biologists, technologists and development agencies. 相似文献
947.
948.
949.
Role of prodomain in importin-mediated nuclear localization and activation of caspase-2 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Baliga BC Colussi PA Read SH Dias MM Jans DA Kumar S 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2003,278(7):4899-4905
Caspase-2 is unique among mammalian caspases because it localizes to the nucleus in a prodomain-dependent manner. The caspase-2 prodomain also regulates caspase-2 activity via a caspase recruitment domain that mediates oligomerization of procaspase-2 molecules and their subsequent autoactivation. In this study we sought to map specific functional regions in the caspase-2 prodomain that regulate its nuclear transport and also its activation. Our data indicate that caspase-2 contains a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS) at the C terminus of the prodomain which is recognized by the importin alpha/beta heterodimer. The mutation of a conserved Lys residue in the NLS abolishes nuclear localization of caspase-2 and binding to the importin alpha/beta heterodimer. Although caspase-2 is imported into the nucleus, mutants lacking the NLS were still capable of inducing apoptosis upon overexpression in transfected cells. We define a region in the prodomain that regulates the ability of caspase-2 to form dot- and filament-like structures when ectopically expressed, which in turn promotes cell killing. Our data provides a mechanism for caspase-2 nuclear import and demonstrate that association of procaspase-2 into higher order structures, rather than its nuclear localization, is required for caspase-2 activation and its ability to induce apoptosis. 相似文献
950.
de Roode JC Culleton R Cheesman SJ Carter R Read AF 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2004,271(1543):1073-1080
During an infection, malaria parasites compete for limited amounts of food and enemy-free space. Competition affects parasite growth rate, transmission and virulence, and is thus important for parasite evolution. Much evolutionary theory assumes that virulent clones outgrow avirulent ones, favouring the evolution of higher virulence. We infected laboratory mice with a mixture of two Plasmodium chabaudi clones: one virulent, the other avirulent. Using real-time quantitative PCR to track the two parasite clones over the course of the infection, we found that the virulent clone overgrew the avirulent clone. However, host genotype had a major effect on the outcome of competition. In a relatively resistant mouse genotype (C57B1/6J), the avirulent clone was suppressed below detectable levels after 10 days, and apparently lost from the infection. By contrast, in more susceptible mice (CBA/Ca), the avirulent clone was initially suppressed, but it persisted, and during the chronic phase of infection it did better than it did in single infections. Thus, the qualitative outcome of competition depended on host genotype. We suggest that these differences may be explained by different immune responses in the two mouse strains. Host genotype and resistance could therefore play a key role in the outcome of within-host competition between parasite clones and in the evolution of parasite virulence. 相似文献