Induction,resuscitation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of viable but nonculturable Vibrio vulnificus in artificial sea water

Vibrio vulnificus, an important food-borne pathogen, is known to enter viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state under low temperature and low nutrition stress conditions. Present study examined the time required for induction of VBNC state and temperature which induces resuscitation of V. vulnificus YJ016. The change in cell morphology and gene expression during VBNC state and in resuscitated cells was also examined. V. vulnificus incubated in artificial sea water at 4 °C entered VBNC state after considerably extended time (70 days). An increase in temperature by 6 °C from the VBNC induction temperature (4 °C) resulted in resuscitation of VBNC cells; however, maximum resuscitation was observed when VBNC cells were held at 23 °C for 24 h. VBNC cells changed their morphology from comma shape to coccoid shape. Two rounds of induction of VBNC and resuscitation were possible with V. vulnificus cells; however, there was progressive reduction in number of resuscitated cells and after 190 days cells failed to resuscitate. Significant up-regulation of genes related to membrane proteins [porinH (10.4-fold), ompU (2.9-fold)], regulatory proteins [envZ (5.6-fold), toxR (4.5-fold), toxS (4.8-fold)], oxidative stress related protein katG (2.3-fold), cell division/maintenance proteins [ftsZ (4.3), mreB (6.5-fold)] and resuscitating promoter factor yeaZ (fourfold) was observed during resuscitation with respect to VBNC state indicating that these genes play a role during resuscitation. Gene expression data presented here would enhance our understanding of resuscitation of V. vulnificus from VBNC state. The results also highlight the importance of maintenance of low temperature during storage of seafood.     

Distinct transthyretin oxidation isoform profile in spinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment

Background

Transthyretin (TTR), an abundant protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), contains a free, oxidation-prone cysteine residue that gives rise to TTR isoforms. These isoforms may reflect conditions in vivo. Since increased oxidative stress has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) it is of interest to characterize CSF-TTR isoform distribution in AD patients and controls. Here, TTR isoforms are profiled directly from CSF by an optimized immunoaffinity-mass spectrometry method in 76 samples from patients with AD (n = 37), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 17)), and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH, n = 15), as well as healthy controls (HC, n = 7). Fractions of three specific oxidative modifications (S-cysteinylation, S-cysteinylglycinylation, and S-glutathionylation) were quantitated relative to the total TTR protein. Results were correlated with diagnostic information and with levels of CSF AD biomarkers tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid β_1-42 peptide.

Results

Preliminary data highlighted the high risk of artifactual TTR modification due to ex vivo oxidation and thus the samples for this study were all collected using strict and uniform guidelines. The results show that TTR is significantly more modified on Cys(10) in the AD and MCI groups than in controls (NPH and HC) (p ≤ 0.0012). Furthermore, the NPH group, while having normal TTR isoform distribution, had significantly decreased amyloid β peptide but normal tau values. No obvious correlations between levels of routine CSF biomarkers for AD and the degree of TTR modification were found.

Conclusions

AD and MCI patients display a significantly higher fraction of oxidatively modified TTR in CSF than the control groups of NPH patients and HC. Quantitation of CSF-TTR isoforms thus may provide diagnostic information in patients with dementia symptoms but this should be explored in larger studies including prospective studies of MCI patients. The development of methods for simple, robust, and reproducible inhibition of in vitro oxidation during CSF sampling and sample handling is highly warranted. In addition to the diagnostic information the possibility of using TTR as a CSF oxymeter is of potential value in studies monitoring disease activity and developing new drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.     

Shear-induced endothelial mechanotransduction: the interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and the pathophysiological implications

Hemodynamic shear stress, the blood flow-generated frictional force acting on the vascular endothelial cells, is essential for endothelial homeostasis under normal physiological conditions. Mechanosensors on endothelial cells detect shear stress and transduce it into biochemical signals to trigger vascular adaptive responses. Among the various shear-induced signaling molecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated in vascular homeostasis and diseases. In this review, we explore the molecular, cellular, and vascular processes arising from shear-induced signaling (mechanotransduction) with emphasis on the roles of ROS and NO, and also discuss the mechanisms that may lead to excessive vascular remodeling and thus drive pathobiologic processes responsible for atherosclerosis. Current evidence suggests that NADPH oxidase is one of main cellular sources of ROS generation in endothelial cells under flow condition. Flow patterns and magnitude of shear determine the amount of ROS produced by endothelial cells, usually an irregular flow pattern (disturbed or oscillatory) producing higher levels of ROS than a regular flow pattern (steady or pulsatile). ROS production is closely linked to NO generation and elevated levels of ROS lead to low NO bioavailability, as is often observed in endothelial cells exposed to irregular flow. The low NO bioavailability is partly caused by the reaction of ROS with NO to form peroxynitrite, a key molecule which may initiate many pro-atherogenic events. This differential production of ROS and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) under various flow patterns and conditions modulates endothelial gene expression and thus results in differential vascular responses. Moreover, ROS/RNS are able to promote specific post-translational modifications in regulatory proteins (including S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation and tyrosine nitration), which constitute chemical signals that are relevant in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Overall, the dynamic interplay between local hemodynamic milieu and the resulting oxidative and S-nitrosative modification of regulatory proteins is important for ensuing vascular homeostasis. Based on available evidence, it is proposed that a regular flow pattern produces lower levels of ROS and higher NO bioavailability, creating an anti-atherogenic environment. On the other hand, an irregular flow pattern results in higher levels of ROS and yet lower NO bioavailability, thus triggering pro-atherogenic effects.     

alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine-capping of chondroitin sulfate core region oligosaccharides primed on xylosides

We previously reported that cultured mammalian cells incubated with 4- methylumbelliferyl (MU) or p -nitrophenyl (pNP) beta-xyloside synthesize an alpha-GalNAc-terminated pentasaccharide resembling the glycosaminoglycan-core protein linkage region. Here we show that human melanoma M21 cells and human neuroblastoma cells incubated with Xylbeta- MU/pNP also make an alpha-GalNAc-terminated heptasaccharide containing one chondroitin disaccharide repeat. High performance liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry analysis of intact or glycosidase-digested xyloside showed the structure as: GalNAcalphaGlcAbeta1,3GalNAcbeta1,4GlcAbeta1,3Galbe ta1,3Galbeta1, 4Xylbeta-MU/pNP. The alpha-GalNAc-terminated xylosides can account for approximately 10% of the total Xylbeta-MU/pNP products ( approximately 1.5 nmol/h/mg). These results show that GalNAcalphaGlcAbeta-modification is relatively abundant, but not unique to the GAG-linkage tetrasaccharide. alpha-GalNAc addition to the GlcA residue does not appear to be an extension of general phase II detoxification of xenobiotics that involve glucuronidation, since M21 cells incubated with MU synthesize only 0.3 pmol GlcAbeta-MU/h/mg protein, and undetectable amount of GalNAcalphaGlcAbeta-MU (<40 fmol/h/mg). Further, subcellular fractionation shows that the alpha- N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity colocalizes in the Golgi with other glycosyl transferases and not in the ER, where xenobiotic detoxification glucuronosyltransferases are found. Although GalNAcalphaGlcAbeta-terminal modification has not been detected on naturally occurring GAG chains, the substantial amount of alpha-GalNAc transferase activity suggests that the alpha-GalNAc transferase could utilize other GlcA-containing glycoconjugates as acceptors.      

应用ARIMA模型预测宝安区某街道其它感染性腹泻发病率的探讨

目的：探讨应用ARIMA模型预测宝安区某街道其它感染性腹泻发病率的可行性。方法：应用SPSS13．0软件对2005年～2009年宝安区某街道其它感染性腹泻逐月发病率进行ARIMA模型建模拟合,用所得到的模型对2010年各月发病率进行预测,并评价其预测效果。结果：宝安区某街道其它感染性腹泻发病率每年11月为发病高峰,ARIMA（0,1,1）（0,1,0）12模型是其拟合的最佳模型,其预测结果和实际值绝对误差的绝对值最大为930．47,最小为1．96,平均值214．83,平均相对误差百分比39．04％。结论：模型虽然起到一定的预测效果,但预测精度仍存在误差,可通过积累新的周期数据对ARIMA模型进行修正和重新拟合,也可尝试新的预测方法或其他模型,才能加强和保证预测的精度。     

应用ARIMA模型预测宝安区某街道其它感染性腹泻发病率的探讨

目的:探讨应用ARIMA模型预测宝安区某街道其它感染性腹泻发病率的可行性。方法:应用SPSSl3.0软件对2005年～2009年宝安区某街道其它感染性腹泻逐月发病率进行ARIMA模型建模拟合,用所得到的模型对2010年各月发病率进行预测,并评价其预测效果。结果:宝安区桌街道其它感染性腹泻发病率每年11月为发病高峰,ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,0)12模型是其拟合的最佳模型,其预测结果和实际值绝对误差的绝对值最大为930.47,最小为1.96,平均值214.83,平均相对误差百分比39.04%。结论:模型虽然起到一定的预测效果,但预测精度仍存在误差,可通过积累新的周期数据对ARIMA模型进行修正和重新拟合,也可尝试新的预测方法或其他模型,才能加强和保证预测的精度。     

Metabolic Syndrome Is Linked to Chromosome 7q21 and Associated With Genetic Variants in CD36 and GNAT3 in Mexican Americans

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) has been rising alarmingly worldwide, including in the United States, but knowledge on specific genetic determinants of MS is very limited. Therefore, we planned to identify the genetic determinants of MS as defined by National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATPIII) criteria. We performed linkage screen for MS using data from 692 Mexican Americans, who participated in the San Antonio Family Diabetes/Gallbladder Study (SAFDGS). We found strong evidence for linkage of MS on chromosome 7q (LOD = 3.6, empirical P = 6.0 × 10(-5)), between markers D7S2212 and D7S821. In addition, six chromosomal regions exhibited potential evidence for linkage (LOD ≥1.2) with MS. Furthermore, we examined 29 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the fatty acid translocase (FAT or CD36, 18 SNPs) gene and guanine nucleotide binding protein, α transducing 3 (GNAT3, 11 SNPs) gene, located within the 1-LOD support interval region for their association with MS and its related traits. Several SNPs were associated with MS and its related traits. Remarkably, rs11760281 in GNAT3 and rs1194197 near CD36 exhibited the strongest associations with MS (P = 0.0003, relative risk (RR) = 1.6 and P = 0.004, RR = 1.7, respectively) and several other related traits. These two variants explained ~18% of the MS linkage evidence on chromosome 7q21, and together conferred approximately threefold increase in MS risk (RR = 2.7). In conclusion, our linkage and subsequent association studies implicate a region on chromosome 7q21 to influence MS in Mexican Americans.     

Defunct brain stem cardiovascular regulation underlies cardiovascular collapse associated with methamphetamine intoxication

Background  

Intoxication from the psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) because of cardiovascular collapse is a common cause of death within the abuse population. For obvious reasons, the heart has been taken as the primary target for this METH-induced toxicity. The demonstration that failure of brain stem cardiovascular regulation, rather than the heart, holds the key to cardiovascular collapse induced by the pesticide mevinphos implicates another potential underlying mechanism. The present study evaluated the hypothesis that METH effects acute cardiovascular depression by dampening the functional integrity of baroreflex via an action on brain stem nuclei that are associated with this homeostatic mechanism.     

Constitutive expression and localization of cytochrome P-450 1A1 in rat and human brain: presence of a splice variant form in human brain

Cytochrome P-450 function as mono-oxygenases and metabolize xenobiotics. CYP1A1, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme, bioactivates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to reactive metabolite(s) that bind to DNA and initiate carcinogenesis. Northern and immunoblot analyses revealed constitutive expression of Cyp1a1 and CYP1A1 in rat and human brain, respectively. CYP1A1 mRNA and protein were localized predominantly in neurons of cerebral cortex, Purkinje and granule cell layers of cerebellum and pyramidal neurons of CA1, CA2, and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. RT-PCR analyses using RNA obtained from autopsy human brain samples demonstrated the presence of a splice variant having a deletion of 87 bp of exon 6. This splice variant was present in human brain, but not in the liver from the same individual, and was absent in rat brain and liver. Structural modeling indicated broadening of the substrate access channel in the brain variant. The study demonstrates the presence of a unique cytochrome P-450 enzyme in human brain that is generated by alternate splicing. The presence of distinct cytochrome P-450 enzymes in human brain that are different from well-characterized hepatic forms indicates that metabolism of xenobiotics including drugs could occur in brain by pathways different from those known to occur in liver.     

Bivariate linkage analysis of the insulin resistance syndrome phenotypes on chromosome 7q

Metabolic abnormalities of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) have been shown to aggregate in families and to exhibit trait-pair correlations, suggesting a common genetic component. A broad region on chromosome 7q has been implicated in several studies to contain loci that cosegregate with IRS-related traits. However, it is not clear whether such loci have any common genetic (pleiotropic) influences on the correlated traits. Also, it is not clear whether the chromosomal regions contain more than one locus influencing the IRS-related phenotypes. In this study we present evidence for linkage of five IRS-related traits [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), In split proinsulin (LSPI), In triglycerides (LTG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC)] to a region at 7q11.23. Subsequently, to gain further insight into the genetic component(s) mapping to this region, we explored whether linkage of these traits is due to pleiotropic effects using a bivariate linkage analytical technique, which has been shown to localize susceptibility regions with precision. Four hundred forty individuals from 27 Mexican American families living in Texas were genotyped for 19 highly polymorphic markers on chromosome 7. Multipoint variance component linkage analysis was used to identify genetic location(s) influencing IRS-related traits of obesity (BMI and WC), dyslipidemia (LTG and HDLC), and insulin levels (LSPI); the analysis identified a broad chromosomal region spanning approximately 24 cM. To gain more precision in localization, we used a bivariate linkage approach for each trait pair. These analyses suggest localization of most of these bivariate traits to an approximately 6-cM region near marker D7S653 [7q11.23, 103-109 cM; a maximum bivariate LOD of 4.51 was found for the trait pair HDLC and LSPI (the LODeq score is 3.94)]. We observed evidence of pleiotropic effects in this region on obesity and insulin-related trait pairs.