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71.
David M Markusic Niek P van Til Johan K Hiralall PJ Oude Ronald Elferink Jurgen Seppen 《BMC biotechnology》2009,9(1):85
Background
Lentiviral vectors are well suited for gene therapy because they can mediate long-term expression in both dividing and nondividing cells. However, lentiviral vectors seem less suitable for liver gene therapy because systemically administered lentiviral vectors are preferentially sequestered by liver macrophages. This results in a reduction of available virus and might also increase the immune response to the vector and vector products. 相似文献72.
We propose a new class of semiparametric generalized linear models. As with existing models, these models are specified via a linear predictor and a link function for the mean of response Y as a function of predictors X. Here, however, the "baseline" distribution of Y at a given reference mean mu(0) is left unspecified and is estimated from the data. The response distribution when the mean differs from mu(0) is then generated via exponential tilting of the baseline distribution, yielding a response model that is a natural exponential family, with corresponding canonical link and variance functions. The resulting model has a level of flexibility similar to the popular proportional odds model. Maximum likelihood estimation is developed for response distributions with finite support, and the new model is studied and illustrated through simulations and example analyses from aging research. 相似文献
73.
Bayesian analysis of factorial experiments by mixture modelling 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
74.
Many populations of vertebrate neurons have a membrane component that binds alpha-bungarotoxin and cholinergic ligands. Despite the abundance of this component and its similarities to nicotinic receptors, its function has remained controversial. Using a fluorescence assay, we show here that activation of the component elevates the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+, demonstrating a receptor function for the toxin-binding component. Whole-cell voltage-clamp and intracellular recordings did not detect a significant current resulting from receptor activation, possibly because the currents were small or the receptors rapidly desensitized. The rise in intracellular free Ca2+ caused by the receptor was prevented by Ca2+ channel blockers. This suggests a signaling cascade likely to have important regulatory consequences for the neuron. 相似文献
75.
Primary antibody-forming cells and secondary B cells are generated from separate precursor cell subpopulations 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
Two precursor cell subpopulations have been isolated from the spleen cells of nonimmune mice. The major B cell subpopulation binds high levels of the J11D monoclonal antibody and, upon T cell-dependent antigenic stimulation, gives rise to primary antibody-forming cell clones but not secondary B cells. A minority of the 10%-14% of Ia+ precursors that bind low levels of J11D (J11Dlo) also generate antibody-forming cell clones after primary stimulation. However, over 70% of J11Dlo precursors yield no primary antibody-forming cell clones but instead give rise to secondarily responsive B cells. The existence of a distinct precursor cell subpopulation that is responsible for the generation of B cell memory is further evidenced by the distribution of variable region clonotypes among J11Dlo primary precursors, which resembles the clonotype patterns of secondary B cells, and by the accumulation of somatic mutations in their clonal progeny. 相似文献
76.
77.
78.
Sarfraz A Tunio Neil J Oldfield Dlawer AA Ala'Aldeen Karl G Wooldridge David PJ Turner 《BMC microbiology》2010,10(1):280
Background
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDHs) are cytoplasmic glycolytic enzymes, which although lacking identifiable secretion signals, have also been found localized to the surface of several bacteria (and some eukaryotic organisms); where in some cases they have been shown to contribute to the colonization and invasion of host tissues. Neisseria meningitidis is an obligate human nasopharyngeal commensal which can cause life-threatening infections including septicaemia and meningitis. N. meningitidis has two genes, gapA-1 and gapA-2, encoding GAPDH enzymes. GapA-1 has previously been shown to be up-regulated on bacterial contact with host epithelial cells and is accessible to antibodies on the surface of capsule-permeabilized meningococcal cells. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine whether GapA-1 was expressed across different strains of N. meningitidis; 2) to determine whether GapA-1 surface accessibility to antibodies was dependant on the presence of capsule; 3) to determine whether GapA-1 can influence the interaction of meningococci and host cells, particularly in the key stages of adhesion and invasion. 相似文献79.
The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the shark Mustelus manazo: evaluating rooting contradictions to living bony vertebrates 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
A remarkable example of a misleading mitochondrial protein tree is
presented, involving ray-finned fishes, coelacanths, lungfishes, and
tetrapods, with sea lampreys as an outgroup. In previous molecular
phylogenetic studies on the origin of tetrapods, ray-finned fishes have
been assumed as an outgroup to the tetrapod/lungfish/coelacanth clade, an
assumption supported by morphological evidence. Standard methods of
molecular phylogenetics applied to the protein-encoding genes of
mitochondria, however, give a bizarre tree in which lamprey groups with
lungfish and, therefore, ray-finned fishes are not the outgroup to a
tetrapod/lungfish/coelacanth clade. All of the dozens of published
phylogenetic methods, including every possible modification to maximum
likelihood known to us (such as inclusion of site heterogeneity and
exclusion of potentially misleading hydrophobic amino acids), fail to place
the ray-finned fishes in a biologically acceptable position. A likely cause
of this failure may be the use of an inappropriate outgroup. Accordingly,
we have determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence from the shark,
Mustelus manazo, which we have used as an alternative and more proximal
outgroup than the lamprey. Using sharks as the outgroup, lungfish appear to
be the closest living relative of tetrapods, although the possibility of a
lungfish/coelacanth clade being the sister group of tetrapods cannot be
excluded.
相似文献
80.