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21.
Melanosomes are lysosome-related organelles in retinal pigment epithelial cells and epidermal melanocytes in which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are generated by multistep processes in which an immature unpigmented organelle forms and then subsequently matures. Such maturation requires inter-organellar transport of protein cargos required for pigment synthesis but also recruitment of effector proteins necessary for the correct transport of melanosomes to the cell periphery. Several studies have started to unravel the main pathways and mechanisms exploited by melanosomal proteins involved in melanosome structure and melanin synthesis. A major unexpected finding seen early in melanosome biogenesis showed the similarities between the fibrillar sheets of premelanosomes and amyloid fibrils. Late steps of melanosome formation are dependent on pathways regulated by proteins encoded by genes mutated in genetic diseases such as the Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrom (HPS) and different types of albinism. Altogether the findings from the past recent years have started to unravel how specialized cells integrate unique and ubiquitous molecular mechanisms in subverting the endosomal system to generate cell-type specific structures and their associated functions. Further dissection of the melanosomal system will likely shed light not only on the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles but also on general aspects of vesicular transport in the endosomal system. 相似文献
22.
Moreira JS Almeida RG Tavares LS Santos MO Viccini LF Vasconcelos IM Oliveira JT Raposo NR Dias SC Franco OL 《The protein journal》2011,30(1):32-38
Heavy agricultural losses are closely related to attacks by insect-pests and phytopathogens such as bacteria and fungi. Among
them, the fungus Botrytis cinerea can cause gray mold in more than 200 different species of plants, and is considered a challenging problem for agribusiness.
Fungicides are commonly used to control this pathogen because they are fast-working and easy to apply. However, the continuous
use of fungicides may promote the selection of resistant fungi and can also cause profound contamination in ecosystems. Aiming
to find alternative strategies to solve these problems, several studies have focused on searching for plant proteins and peptides
with antifungal activities (AFPs). With this in mind, this report shows the isolation and characterization of two novels antifungal
proteins from flowers of rosemary pepper (Lippia sidoides Cham.) with 10 and 15 kDa. Isolation was performed by using an Octyl-Sepharose hydrophobic column. In vitro bioassays indicated
that isolated proteins were able to inhibit B. cinerea development, but were not effective against all bacteria tested. Moreover, N-termini sequences indicate that both proteins
showed sequence homology with NBS–LRR R proteins with a lower molecular mass, suggesting possible protein fragmentation. Data
reported here could help in the development of biotechnological products for crop protection against phytopathogenic fungi
in the near future. 相似文献
23.
Functions of adaptor protein (AP)-3 and AP-1 in tyrosinase sorting from endosomes to melanosomes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Theos AC Tenza D Martina JA Hurbain I Peden AA Sviderskaya EV Stewart A Robinson MS Bennett DC Cutler DF Bonifacino JS Marks MS Raposo G 《Molecular biology of the cell》2005,16(11):5356-5372
Specialized cells exploit adaptor protein complexes for unique post-Golgi sorting events, providing a unique model system to specify adaptor function. Here, we show that AP-3 and AP-1 function independently in sorting of the melanocyte-specific protein tyrosinase from endosomes to the melanosome, a specialized lysosome-related organelle distinguishable from lysosomes. AP-3 and AP-1 localize in melanocytes primarily to clathrin-coated buds on tubular early endosomes near melanosomes. Both adaptors recognize the tyrosinase dileucine-based melanosome sorting signal, and tyrosinase largely colocalizes with each adaptor on endosomes. In AP-3-deficient melanocytes, tyrosinase accumulates inappropriately in vacuolar and multivesicular endosomes. Nevertheless, a substantial fraction still accumulates on melanosomes, concomitant with increased association with endosomal AP-1. Our data indicate that AP-3 and AP-1 function in partially redundant pathways to transfer tyrosinase from distinct endosomal subdomains to melanosomes and that the AP-3 pathway ensures that tyrosinase averts entrapment on internal membranes of forming multivesicular bodies. 相似文献
24.
25.
Liliane?VenturaEmail author Gabriel?Torres?de Jesus Gunter?Camilo Dablas?de Oliveira Sidney?JF?Sousa 《Biomedical engineering online》2005,4(1):70
Background
The authors have developed a small portable device for the objective measurement of the transparency of corneas stored in preservative medium, for use by eye banks in evaluation prior to transplantation. 相似文献26.
27.
Exosomes: a common pathway for a specialized function 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Exosomes are membrane vesicles that are released by cells upon fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Their molecular composition reflects their origin in endosomes as intraluminal vesicles. In addition to a common set of membrane and cytosolic molecules, exosomes harbor unique subsets of proteins linked to cell type-associated functions. Exosome secretion participates in the eradication of obsolete proteins but several findings, essentially in the immune system, indicate that exosomes constitute a potential mode of intercellular communication. Release of exosomes by tumor cells and their implication in the propagation of unconventional pathogens such as prions suggests their participation in pathological situations. These findings open up new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. 相似文献
28.
RP Tucker K Drabikowski JF Hess J Ferralli R Chiquet-Ehrismann JC Adams 《BMC evolutionary biology》2006,6(1):60-17
Background
Tenascins are a family of glycoproteins found primarily in the extracellular matrix of embryos where they help to regulate cell proliferation, adhesion and migration. In order to learn more about their origins and relationships to each other, as well as to clarify the nomenclature used to describe them, the tenascin genes of the urochordate Ciona intestinalis, the pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis and Takifugu rubripes and the frog Xenopus tropicalis were identified and their gene organization and predicted protein products compared with the previously characterized tenascins of amniotes. 相似文献29.
Background
Trichomonosis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis is the number one, non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) that affects more than 250 million people worldwide. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) has been implicated in resistance to mucosal infections by pathogens. No reports are available of IgA-reactive proteins and the role, if any, of this class of antibody in the control of this STD. The availability of an IgA monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunoreactive to trichomonads by whole cell (WC)-ELISA prompted us to characterize the IgA-reactive protein of T. vaginalis. 相似文献30.