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41.
42.
Geovanna Carla Zacheo Coelho Raphael da Silva Costa Fábio Porto-Foresti Rosicleire Verissimo-Silveira Alexandre Ninhaus-Silveira 《Zeitschrift fur angewandte Ichthyologie》2021,37(3):449-461
Ontogenetic studies of the eggs and larvae of fish can provide information on the initial life history and biology of a species, are important for taxonomic and evolutionary studies, and for cultivation in captivity. The aim of this study was to analyze and describe the main morphological differences in the larval ontogeny of Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, Leiarius marmoratus, and its hybrid (♀ P. reticulatum × ♂ L. marmoratus), as well as to identify characteristics that can identify the species and their hybrid at the larvae and juvenile stages. 205 L. marmoratus, 210 P. reticulatum, and 205 hybrid specimens were analyzed, all of which were obtained through induced reproduction. Analyses were performed from hatching to 30 days post-hatching. 19 morphometric and 5 meristic characteristics were evaluated, in addition to chromatophore shape and distribution. The specimens were classified into two life periods: Larval (stages: yolk sac, pre-flexion, flexion, and post-flexion) and Juvenile. Newly hatched larvae were transparent, poorly developed, and had a scarcity of chromatophores. During the early stages of larval development, the three groups showed similarities in appearance and proportional dimensions. However, at both the end of the post-flexion stage and at the juvenile period when individuals were approximately 2 cm long, it was possible to differentiate between hybrids and their parental species by their morphometric, meristic, and pigment characteristics. The hybrid, despite occupying an intermediate position in relationship to its parents, exhibited a shape and size more similar to P. reticulatum, its maternal parent. 相似文献
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44.
Ana G. Crisostomo Raphael B. Moreno Suppiah Navaratnam James A. Wilkinson 《Free radical research》2013,47(6):730-737
Three potential routes to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from α-tocopherolquinone (α-TQ) have been identified. The quinone of the water-soluble vitamin E analogue Trolox C (Trol-Q) is reduced by hydrated electron and isopropanol α-hydroxyalkyl radical, and the resulting semiquinone reacts with molecular oxygen to form superoxide with a second order rate constant of 1.3 × 108 dm3/mol/s, illustrating the potential for redox cycling. Illumination (UV-A, 355 nm) of the quinone of 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxychromanol (PMHC-Q) leads to a reactive short-lived (ca. 10? 6 s) triplet state, able to oxidise tryptophan with a second order rate constant greater than 109 dm3/mol/s. The triplet states of these quinones sensitize singlet oxygen formation with quantum yields of about 0.8. Such potentially damaging reactions of α-TQ may in part account for the recent findings that high levels of dietary vitamin E supplementation lack any beneficial effect and may lead to slightly enhanced levels of overall mortality. 相似文献
45.
Alice Simon Vinícius Raphael de Almeida Borges Lucio Mendes Cabral Valéria Pereira de Sousa 《AAPS PharmSciTech》2013,14(1):425-434
The intramuscular administration of the injectable suspension betamethasone sodium phosphate (BSP) and betamethasone dipropionate (BD) has immediate therapeutic activity due to solubilized BSP and prolonged activity resulting from the slow release of BD micro-crystals. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a dissolution method for BD in intramuscular injectable suspensions with detection by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Five commercial products presented a distribution of particle sizes, ranging between 7.43 and 40.25 μm as measured by laser diffraction. It was also found that particle sizes differed between batches of the same product. The different products were tested using the paddle apparatus, with stirring speeds of 25 and 50 rpm in 300 mL of phosphate buffer; simulated body fluid, muscle fluid, and synovial fluid were used as biorelevant dissolution media at 37 ± 0.5°C. It was verified that not only does average particle size affect the dissolution rate, but also the mode and the polydispersity index of the particles. Discriminatory power was obtained using the in vitro dissolution method with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4 containing 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate and a stirring speed of 50 rpm. The HPLC-method is linear, precise, selective, and accurate for the quantification of BSP and BD in dissolution profile testing. This dissolution method can be utilized as a method to control the quality of these injectable suspensions.Key words: dipropionate betamethasone, dissolution test, intramuscular injectable suspensions, simulated muscular fluid, sodium phosphate betamethasone 相似文献
46.
The spatial scaling of beta diversity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Philip S. Barton Saul A. Cunningham Adrian D. Manning Heloise Gibb David B. Lindenmayer Raphael K. Didham 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2013,22(6):639-647
Beta diversity is an important concept used to describe turnover in species composition across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, and it underpins much of conservation theory and practice. Although substantial progress has been made in the mathematical and terminological treatment of different measures of beta diversity, there has been little conceptual synthesis of potential scale dependence of beta diversity with increasing spatial grain and geographic extent of sampling. Here, we evaluate different conceptual approaches to the spatial scaling of beta diversity, interpreted from ‘fixed’ and ‘varying’ perspectives of spatial grain and extent. We argue that a ‘sliding window’ perspective, in which spatial grain and extent covary, is an informative way to conceptualize community differentiation across scales. This concept more realistically reflects the varying empirical approaches that researchers adopt in field sampling and the varying scales of landscape perception by different organisms. Scale dependence in beta diversity has broad implications for emerging fields in ecology and biogeography, such as the integration of fine‐resolution ecogenomic data with large‐scale macroecological studies, as well as for guiding appropriate management responses to threats to biodiversity operating at different spatial scales. 相似文献
47.
Joanna M. Poczobutt Miguel Gijon Jay Amin Dwight Hanson Howard Li Deandra Walker Mary Weiser-Evans Xian Lu Robert C. Murphy Raphael A. Nemenoff 《PloS one》2013,8(11)
Eicosanoids are bioactive lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid1 (AA), which is released by cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). AA is metabolized through three major pathways, cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO) and cytochrome P450, to produce a family of eicosanoids, which individually have been shown to have pro- or anti-tumorigenic activities in cancer. However, cancer progression likely depends on complex changes in multiple eicosanoids produced by cancer cells and by tumor microenvironment and a systematic examination of the spectrum of eicosanoids in cancer has not been performed. We used liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to quantitate eicosanoids produced during lung tumor progression in an orthotopic immunocompetent mouse model of lung cancer, in which Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells are injected into lungs of syngeneic mice. The presence of tumor increased products of both the cyclooxygenase and the lipoxygenase pathways in a time-dependent fashion. Comparing tumors grown in cPLA2 knockout vs wild-type mice, we demonstrated that prostaglandins (PGE2, PGD2 and PGF2a) were produced by both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), but leukotriene (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) production required cPLA2 expression in the TME. Using flow cytometry, we recovered tumor-associated neutrophils and 2 types of tumor-associated macrophages from tumor-bearing lungs and we defined their distinct eicosanoid profiles by LC/MS/MS. The combination of flow cytometry and LC/MS/MS unravels the complexity of eicosanoid production in lung cancer and provides a rationale to develop therapeutic strategies that target select cell populations to inhibit specific classes of eicosanoids. 相似文献
48.
Audrey Schlernitzauer Catherine Oiry Raphael Hamad Simon Galas Fabienne Cortade Béatrice Chabi Fran?ois Casas Laurence Pessemesse Gilles Fouret Christine Feillet-Coudray Gérard Cros Gérard Cabello Richard Magous Chantal Wrutniak-Cabello 《PloS one》2013,8(11)
Chicoric acid (CA) is a caffeoyl derivative previously described as having potential anti-diabetic properties. As similarities in cellular mechanism similarities between diabetes and aging have been shown, we explored on L6 myotubes the effect of CA on the modulation of intracellular pathways involved in diabetes and aging. We also determined its influence on lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans worm (C. elegans). In L6 myotubes, CA was a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, reducing ROS accumulation under basal as well as oxidative stress conditions. CA also stimulated the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) pathway and displayed various features associated with AMPK activation: CA (a) enhanced oxidative enzymatic defences through increase in glutathion peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, (b) favoured mitochondria protection against oxidative damage through up-regulation of MnSOD protein expression, (c) increased mitochondrial biogenesis as suggested by increases in complex II and citrate synthase activities, along with up-regulation of PGC-1α mRNA expression and (d) inhibited the insulin/Akt/mTOR pathway. As AMPK stimulators (e.g. the anti-diabetic agent meformin or polyphenols such as epigallocatechingallate or quercetin) were shown to extend lifespan in C. elegans, we also determined the effect of CA on the same model. A concentration-dependant lifespan extension was observed with CA (5–100 μM). These data indicate that CA is a potent antioxidant compound activating the AMPK pathway in L6 myotubes. Similarly to other AMPK stimulators, CA is able to extend C. elegans lifespan, an effect measurable even at the micromolar range. Future studies will explore CA molecular targets and give new insights about its possible effects on metabolic and aging-related diseases. 相似文献
49.
Emmanuel S. Buys Yu-Chieh Ko Clemens Alt Sarah R. Hayton Alexander Jones Laurel T. Tainsh Ruiyi Ren Andrea Giani Maeva Clerté Emma Abernathy Robert E. T. Tainsh Dong-Jin Oh Rajeev Malhotra Pankaj Arora Nadine de Waard Binglan Yu Raphael Turcotte Daniel Nathan Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie Stephanie J. Loomis Jae H. Kang Charles P. Lin Haiyan Gong Douglas J. Rhee Peter Brouckaert Janey L. Wiggs Meredith S. Gregory Louis R. Pasquale Kenneth D. Bloch Bruce R. Ksander 《PloS one》2013,8(3)
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. The molecular signaling involved in the pathogenesis of POAG remains unknown. Here, we report that mice lacking the α1 subunit of the nitric oxide receptor soluble guanylate cyclase represent a novel and translatable animal model of POAG, characterized by thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer and loss of optic nerve axons in the context of an open iridocorneal angle. The optic neuropathy associated with soluble guanylate cyclase α1–deficiency was accompanied by modestly increased intraocular pressure and retinal vascular dysfunction. Moreover, data from a candidate gene association study suggests that a variant in the locus containing the genes encoding for the α1 and β1 subunits of soluble guanylate cyclase is associated with POAG in patients presenting with initial paracentral vision loss, a disease subtype thought to be associated with vascular dysregulation. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis and genetics of POAG and suggest new therapeutic strategies for POAG. 相似文献