Proteomic Analysis of High Temperature Stress-Responsive Proteins in Chrysanthemum Leaves

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important ornamental flowers in the world, and temperature has a significant influence on its field production. In the present study, differentially expressed proteins were investigated in the leaves of Dendranthema grandiflorum ‘Jinba’ under high temperature stress using label-free quantitative proteomics techniques. The expressed proteins were comparatively identified and analyzed. A total of 1,463 heat-related, differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and 1,463 heat-related, differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified by mass spectrometry after a high temperature treatment. Among these, 701 proteins were upregulated and 762 proteins were downregulated. The in-depth bioinformatics analysis of these differentially expressed proteins revealed that these were involved in energy metabolism pathways, protein metabolism, and heat shock. In the present study, the investigators determined the changes in the levels of some proteins, and their expression at the protein and molecular levels in chrysanthemum to help reveal the mechanism of heat resistance in chrysanthemum. Furthermore, the present study elucidated some of the proteins correlated to heat resistance in chrysanthemum, and their expression changes at the protein and molecular levels to help reveal the mechanism of heat resistance in this flower species. These results provide a theoretical basis for the selection of new heat resistant varieties of chrysanthemum in the field.     

Activation of JNK/c-Jun is required for the proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis induced by EET in pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Pulmonary artery endothelial plexiform lesion is responsible for pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR), a basic pathological change of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Recent evidence suggests that epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), which is derived from arachidonic acid by cytochrome p450 (CYP) epoxygenase, has an essential role in PAH. However, until now, most research has focused on pulmonary vasoconstriction; it is unclear whether EET produces mitogenic and angiogenic effects in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC). Here we found that 500 nM/l 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET markedly augmented JNK and c-Jun activation in PAECs and that the activation of c-Jun was mediated by JNK, but not the ERK or p38 MPAK pathway. Moreover, treatment with 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET promoted cell proliferation and cell-cycle transition from the G0/G1 phase to S phase and stimulated tube formation in vitro. All these effects were reversed after blocking JNK with Sp600125 (a JNK inhibitor) or JNK1/2 siRNA. In addition, the apoptotic process was alleviated by three EET region isomers through the JNK/c-Jun pathway. These observations suggest that 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET stimulate PAEC proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as protect the cells from apoptosis, via the JNK/c-Jun pathway, an important underlying mechanism that may promote PAEC growth and angiogenesis during PAH.     

肝胆显像螯合物—氮基三乙酸单酰苯胺及其类似物的合成

本课题合成四个氮基三乙酸单酰苯胺(IDA)类及其类似物肝胆显像螯合物。(1)用家兔做了肝胆显像扫描实验,其显像效果较好。(2)～(3)为未见报道的化合物。     

鲨鱼软骨血管生成抑制因子的纯化和功能

以中国东海鲸鲨软骨为原料,通过盐抽提、丙酮分级沉淀、离子交换层折、分子筛层析、高效液相色谱等步骤,获得鲨鱼软骨血管生成抑制因子－Ｉ（ｓｈａｒｋ ｃａｒｔｉｌｇａｅ ａｎｇｉｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ ｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｏｒｙ ｆａｃｔｏｒ－Ｉ,ＳＣＡＩＦ－Ｉ）,对其分子量、抑制血管生成及抑制肿瘤生长活性进行了研究。结果显示ＳＣＡＩＦ－Ｉ分子量１８ｋＤ,在细胞和整体水平上显著抑制新血管生成,显著抑制小鼠肿瘤的生长     

植物内生菌增强植物对生物胁迫抗性的研究进展

植物在生长发育过程中因遭遇多种逆境的威胁而出现营养流失、产量大幅下降等问题，而使用传统的化学农药调控植物抗逆作用会对环境造成严重污染甚至危及人类健康，因此需要从天然成分中寻找合适的农药代替品。生活在每种植物体内的内生菌几乎都是植物微生态系统中的天然成分，因其特殊的生态位而可能对植物具有更加积极和直接的影响。然而目前，关于内生菌在提高宿主生物胁迫抗性等方面的作用机制还知之甚少。该文就植物内生菌的来源、多样性和对生物胁迫的抗性展开叙述。首先，总结了植物内生菌传播的主要方式，即水平传播和垂直传播；其次对内生菌种类的多样性以及在植物中的分布多样性进行了归纳与分析；最后，详细阐述了植物内生菌增强植物对生物胁迫应激耐受性(抗致病菌病害、抗虫害)的基本特点与作用机制，即植物内生菌可利用生态位竞争或营养位竞争产生的诱导抗性遏制病原菌感染，或合成抗生素类、生物碱类、几丁质类等次生代谢产物抑制病原菌或线虫的生长，从而防治病虫害。此外，基于内生菌增强植物生物胁迫抗性的研究现状进行了展望，为更加环保的生物防治制剂的开发与利用提供了参考。     

黄河三角洲刺槐白蜡混交对土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响

为探讨黄河三角洲刺槐白蜡混交对土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,通过高通量测序技术分析比较了刺槐白蜡混交林及刺槐纯林、白蜡纯林土壤细菌群落结构及多样性。结果表明:(1)混交林与两种纯林土壤细菌群落共36门。酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门(相对丰度大于10%)为刺槐白蜡混交林与两种纯林土壤中共有的优势菌群;硝化螺旋菌门为刺槐纯林土壤中的优势菌群。不同人工林土壤中各门细菌相对丰度差异显著。(2)混交改变了土壤细菌群落结构,提高了细菌多样性。刺槐白蜡混交林土壤细菌物种数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数分别为1934.5、2629.1、9.1,显著高于两种纯林。(3)相关性分析表明,土壤含水量与放线菌门细菌呈显著正相关;pH与芽单胞菌门细菌呈极显著正相关,与酸杆菌门细菌呈显著负相关。细菌多样性与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与速效钾、有机质含量呈显著负相关。研究表明,刺槐白蜡混交林土壤细菌群落结构与两种纯林之间有一定差异,多样性差异显著,刺槐白蜡混交改变细菌群落结构,提高细菌多样性。     

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine induces senescence-like changes in KG-1, human acute myelocytic leukemia cell line

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh⁸dG) treatment induced senescence-like changes in KG-1 cells, a human acute myelocytic leukemia cell line. The oh⁸dG-treated cells stained positive for senescence associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-galactosidase) and had enlarged cell shape, both of which are senescence indexes. The oh⁸dG-treated cells were also cell growth inhibited and arrested at G₁ in the cell cycle. The accumulation of cdk (cyclin dependent kinase) inhibitors, such as p16, p21, and p27, also implies that cellular senescence was induced in oh⁸dG-treated cells. However, these changes were not accompanied by cell differentiation or telomerase activity. Taken together, we conclude that oh⁸dG treatment of KG-1 cells induces cellular senescence.     

Growth hormone receptor is a target for presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase cleavage

Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is a cytokine receptor superfamily member that binds growth hormone (GH) via its extracellular domain and signals via interaction of its cytoplasmic domain with JAK2 and other signaling molecules. GHR is a target for inducible metalloprotease-mediated cleavage in its perimembranous extracellular domain, a process that liberates the extracellular domain as the soluble GH-binding protein and leaves behind a cell-associated GHR remnant protein containing the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. GHR metalloproteolysis can be catalyzed by tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (ADAM-17) and is associated with down-modulation of GH signaling. We now study the fate of the GHR remnant protein. By anti-GHR cytoplasmic domain immunoblotting, we observed that the remnant induced in response to phorbol ester or platelet-derived growth factor has a reliable pattern of appearance and disappearance in both mouse preadipocytes endogenously expressing GHR and transfected fibroblasts expressing rabbit GHR. Lactacystin, a specific proteasome inhibitor, did not appreciably change the time course of remnant appearance or clearance but allowed detection of the GHR stub, a receptor fragment slightly smaller than the remnant but containing the C terminus of the remnant (receptor cytoplasmic domain). In contrast, MG132, another (less specific) proteasome inhibitor, strongly inhibited remnant clearance and prevented stub appearance. Inhibitors of gamma-secretase, an aspartyl protease, also prevented the appearance of the stub, even in the presence of lactacystin, and concomitantly inhibited remnant clearance in the same fashion as MG132. In addition, mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from presenilin 1 and 2 (PS1/2) knockouts recapitulated the gamma-secretase inhibitor studies, as compared with their littermate controls (PS1/2 wild type). Confocal microscopy indicated that the GHR cytoplasmic domain became localized to the nucleus in a fashion dependent on PS1/2 activity. These data indicate that the GHR is subject to sequential proteolysis by metalloprotease and gamma-secretase activities and may suggest GH-independent roles for the GHR.     

Roles of the DYRK kinase Pom2 in cytokinesis, mitochondrial morphology, and sporulation in fission yeast

Pom2 is predicted to be a dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase (DYRK) related to Pom1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. DYRKs share a kinase domain capable of catalyzing autophosphorylation on tyrosine and exogenous phosphorylation on serine/threonine residues. Here we show that Pom2 is functionally different from the well-characterized Pom1, although they share 55% identity in the kinase domain and the Pom2 kinase domain functionally complements that of Pom1. Pom2 localizes to mitochondria throughout the cell cycle and to the contractile ring during late stages of cytokinesis. Overexpression but not deletion of pom2 results in severe defects in cytokinesis, indicating that Pom2 might share an overlapping function with other proteins in regulating cytokinesis. Gain and loss of function analyses reveal that Pom2 is required for maintaining mitochondrial morphology independently of microtubules. Intriguingly, most meiotic pom2Δ cells form aberrant asci with meiotic and/or forespore membrane formation defects. Taken together, Pom2 is a novel DYRK kinase involved in regulating cytokinesis, mitochondrial morphology, meiosis, and sporulation in fission yeast.