Stereological analysis of mitochondria from brains of temperature acclimated goldfish, Carassius auratus L. (5 and 30°C)

1. 1.|The mitochondrial population in hypothalamic and hypophysial brain tissue from warm (30°C) and cold (5°C) acclimated goldfish (Carassius auralus L.) was analyzed using sterological techniques.

2. 2.|It was revealed that there is a significantly larger volume density (Vv) in the cold acclimated tissue, with no significant difference in either of the surface densities (Svext and Svint) from either of the brain areas.

3. 3.|The hypothalamic brain tissue has a significantly lower specific surface (S/V) in the cold acclimated tissue but there is not a significant difference in this parameter for the hypophysial brain tissue.

4. 4.|The values for these three parameters (Vv, Svext and SVint, and S/V) indicate that mitochondria from acclimated brain tissue undergo shape changes in response to thermal stress.

5. 5.|We suggest that the shape changes may be related to the change in the phospholipid composition of the inner mitochondrial membrane with acclimation temperature.

Postmortem Degradation Alters Fluorographic Labeling Patterns and Affinities of Benzodiazepine Binding Proteins

To investigate the effect of endogenous proteolysis on the molecular weights of the benzodiazepine binding proteins, brains of trout, chicken, and rat were removed immediately after death and stored at room temperature for various periods of time before they were frozen. Photoaffinity labeling of membranes with [3H]flunitrazepam, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography, revealed proteolytic fragments of 47K in trout, chicken, and rat. The proteolysis set in rapidly after death. Seemingly in parallel with the degradation observed fluorographically, the affinity for [3H]flunitrazepam increased without systematic changes in receptor density. The degradation pattern was not identical to that of the photolabeled trypsinized benzodiazepine binding proteins. The endogenous proteolytic fragments were deglycosylated in two steps. In conclusion, proteolytic effects must be taken into account when interpreting labeling patterns and binding parameters.     

Elicitation of volatile compounds in photomixotrophic cell culture of Petroselinum crispum

Photomixotrophic cells of Petroselinum crispum accumulated >500 mg chlorophyll per kg wet weight and grew well in a broad range of phytoeffector conditions. Autoclaved fungal cells were lethal for photoheterotrophic cells, but induced in photomixotrophic cells the formation of volatile n-alkanes, phthalides, coumarins, and elemicine. Most of the compounds elicited reached a concentration maximum between 20 and 30 h after addition of the mycelium, whereas the group of n-alkanes increased steadily during the 90 h monitored. Maximum concentrations were: 12 mg of graveolone, 1 mg of bergapten, 0.5 mg of sedanenolide, and 0.5 mg of n-tetradecane per 1 nutrient medium. A dose/effect relationship was found; 10 to 25 g of fungal wet weight per 1 culture medium resulted in maximum accumulation of volatiles. The formation of volatiles by photomixotrophic in vitro cells is discussed as an integral part of plant responses to ecological stress.     

Further indications of the multicomponent nature of the acrosome reaction-inducing substance of human follicular fluid

Human follicular fluid (hFF), which has been treated with either unspecific proteases or dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) to remove proteins and/or steroids, cannot successfully induce the acrosome reaction (AR). After the removal of steroids, AR-inducing activity can be restored to hFF by supplementation with exogenous progesterone, but only in the presence of intact protein. Gel filtration experiments with ³H-progesterone-labelled hFF showed elution of the radioactive signal in the high molecular weight range, corresponding to bound progesterone. AR-inducing activity was seen in exactly the same fraction. Based on these results, the acrosome reaction-inducing substance (ARIS) appears to be a complex of progesterone and a progesterone-binding protein, which was shown to be identical with the plasma protein corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) by immunological techniques. AR induction was only observed in the presence of both CBG and progesterone, suggesting a combined effect of the two components. © 1995 wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Low temperature cultivation — A step towards process optimisation

Adherent recombinant BHK cells were cultivated at temperatures between 30 and 37°C. Batch and repeated-batch-cultivations in a 2-litre bioreactor showed a significant influence on metabolism and cell growth. The low-temperature-cultivations showed a lower growth rate and a lower glucose consumption rate and, therefore, less lactate production. On the other hand, the maximum cell density and productivity seemed not to be affected by the temperature reduction.     

Cloning and molecular characterization of a gene involved in Salmonella adherence and invasion of cultured epithelial cells

Our laboratories have independently identified a gene in Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium that is necessary for efficient adherence and entry of these organisms into cultured epithelial cells. Introduction of a mutated gene into several Salmonella strains belonging to different serotypes rendered these organisms deficient for adherence and invasion of cultured cells. This effect was most pronounced in the host-adapted serotypes Salmonella gallinarum, S. choleraesuis, and Salmonella typhi. The nucleotide sequence of this gene, which we have termed invH, encodes a predicted 147-amino-acid polypeptide containing a signal sequence. The InvH predicted polypeptide is highly conserved in S. typhimurium and S. choleraesuis, differing at only three residues. The invH gene was expressed in Escherichia coli using a T7 RNA polymerase expression system and a polypeptide of ～16000 molecular weight was observed, in agreement with the predicted size of its gene product. Upon fractionation, the expressed polypeptide was localized in the bacterial membrane fraction. Southern and colony hybridization analyses indicated that the invH gene is present in all Salmonella strains tested (91 strains belonging to 37 serotypes) with the exception of strains of Salmonella arizonae. No homologous sequences were detected in Yersinia, Shigella, Proteus, and several strains of enteroinvasive and enteropathogenic E. coli. Downstream from the S. choleraesuis (but not S. typhimurium) invH gene, a region with extensive homology to the insertion sequence IS3 was detected.     

FAIR research data management as community approach in bioengineering

Research data management (RDM) requires standards, policies, and guidelines. Findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) data management is critical for sustainable research. Therefore, collaborative approaches for managing FAIR-structured data are becoming increasingly important for long-term, sustainable RDM. However, they are rather hesitantly applied in bioengineering. One of the reasons may be found in the interdisciplinary character of the research field. In addition, bioengineering as application of principles of biology and tools of process engineering, often have to meet different criteria. In consequence, RDM is complicated by the fact that researchers from different scientific institutions must meet the criteria of their home institution, which can lead to additional conflicts. Therefore, centrally provided general repositories implementing a collaborative approach that enables data storage from the outset In a biotechnology research network with over 20 tandem projects, it was demonstrated how FAIR-RDM can be implemented through a collaborative approach and the use of a data structure. In addition, the importance of a structure within a repository was demonstrated to keep biotechnology research data available throughout the entire data lifecycle. Furthermore, the biotechnology research network highlighted the importance of a structure within a repository to keep research data available throughout the entire data lifecycle.     

Comparison of mechanistic and hybrid modeling approaches for characterization of a CHO cultivation process: Requirements,pitfalls and solution paths

Despite the advantages of mathematical bioprocess modeling, successful model implementation already starts with experimental planning and accordingly can fail at this early stage. For this study, two different modeling approaches (mechanistic and hybrid) based on a four-dimensional antibody-producing CHO fed-batch process are compared. Overall, 33 experiments are performed in the fractional factorial four-dimensional design space and separated into four different complex data partitions subsequently used for model comparison and evaluation. The mechanistic model demonstrates the advantage of prior knowledge (i.e., known equations) to get informative value relatively independently of the utilized data partition. The hybrid approach displayes a higher data dependency but simultaneously yielded a higher accuracy on all data partitions. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that independent of the chosen modeling framework, a smart selection of only four initial experiments can already yield a very good representation of a full design space independent of the chosen modeling structure. Academic and industry researchers are recommended to pay more attention to experimental planning to maximize the process understanding obtained from mathematical modeling.