全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2637篇 |
免费 | 255篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 31篇 |
2021年 | 54篇 |
2020年 | 39篇 |
2019年 | 27篇 |
2018年 | 43篇 |
2017年 | 40篇 |
2016年 | 70篇 |
2015年 | 101篇 |
2014年 | 85篇 |
2013年 | 119篇 |
2012年 | 154篇 |
2011年 | 179篇 |
2010年 | 83篇 |
2009年 | 76篇 |
2008年 | 121篇 |
2007年 | 109篇 |
2006年 | 98篇 |
2005年 | 82篇 |
2004年 | 80篇 |
2003年 | 70篇 |
2002年 | 68篇 |
2001年 | 54篇 |
2000年 | 44篇 |
1999年 | 27篇 |
1998年 | 25篇 |
1996年 | 27篇 |
1993年 | 27篇 |
1992年 | 38篇 |
1991年 | 63篇 |
1990年 | 47篇 |
1989年 | 59篇 |
1988年 | 30篇 |
1987年 | 41篇 |
1986年 | 29篇 |
1985年 | 35篇 |
1984年 | 37篇 |
1983年 | 23篇 |
1982年 | 21篇 |
1981年 | 30篇 |
1980年 | 28篇 |
1979年 | 32篇 |
1978年 | 40篇 |
1977年 | 25篇 |
1976年 | 31篇 |
1974年 | 25篇 |
1973年 | 22篇 |
1972年 | 27篇 |
1971年 | 27篇 |
1968年 | 22篇 |
1966年 | 23篇 |
排序方式: 共有2893条查询结果,搜索用时 156 毫秒
51.
52.
Clostridium botulinum type E antigens prepared from washed cells by either Formalin treatment or heating at 100 C were used for immunizing rabbits. Agglutination tests showed that high levels of antibody were produced by both types of preparations. Flagellar antigens were highly strain-specific, whereas the somatic antigens were sufficiently similar to produce complete cross-agglutination. One toxigenic strain produced toxigenic and nontoxigenic progeny which were physiologically and antigenically identical in all other respects. Other nontoxigenic strains whose growth, physiological, and morphological characters were identical to type E and strains which had some physiological differences completely cross-agglutinated with type E strains via the somatic antigen. Neither type of antiserum agglutinated other clostridia against which they were tested except for C. acetobutylicum. This reaction seems to be due to a nonspecific anamnestic response and does not appear to be related to the immunizing strains. The nontoxigenic strains studied seem to have no greater antigenic differences from type E strains than the type E strains have from each other. 相似文献
53.
Clearance studies of insulin and nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) in the rat liver 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
54.
55.
56.
Murine hybridoma cells that produce monoclonal antibody directed against human fibronectin have been cultured in VITAFIBER II and VITAFIBER V hollow fiber bioreactors using defined, serum-free WRC 935 medium. During a two-week growth period, following inoculation of the bioreactors, the cells proliferated to an extent where the bioreactor was filled with cultured cells. Using a 5 sq. ft. VITAFIBER V bioreactor, over 15 grams of antibody were produced during the 40 days of the experiment. This antibody was greater than 95% IgG. During the production period, this packed mass of cells produced 579 +/- 15 mg IgG per day. Because the medium is formulated for air equilibration and high cell densities, WRC 935 medium is especially useful for production of gram quantities of monoclonal antibodies using continuous feed hollow fiber bioreactor cell culture systems. 相似文献
57.
Analysis of Adenosine Immunoreactivity, Uptake, and Release in Purified Cultures of Developing Chick Embryo Retinal Neurons and Photoreceptors 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Roberto Paes de Carvalho Karen M. Braas† Solomon H. Snyder† Ruben Adler† 《Journal of neurochemistry》1990,55(5):1603-1611
We have investigated the presence of endogenous adenosine and of mechanisms for adenosine uptake and release in chick embryo retinal neurons and photoreceptors grown in purified cultures in the absence of glial cells. Simultaneous autoradiographic and immunocytochemical analysis showed that endogenous adenosine and the uptake mechanism for this nucleoside colocalize in practically all the photoreceptors, but only in approximately 20% of the neurons. Approximately 25% of the neurons showed either immunocytochemical labeling or autoradiographic labeling, while greater than 50% of the neurons were unlabeled with both techniques. [3H]Adenosine uptake was saturable and could be inhibited by nitrobenzylthioinosine and dipyridamole and by pretreatment of the [3H]adenosine with adenosine deaminase. Although these observations indicate that the uptake is specific for adenosine, only 35% of accumulated radioactivity was associated with adenosine, with the remaining 65% representing inosine, hypoxanthine, and nucleotides plus uric acid. Adenosine as well as several of its metabolites were released by the cells under basal as well as K(+)-stimulated conditions. Potassium-enhanced release was blocked by 10 mM CoCl2 or in Ca2(+)-free, Mg2(+)-rich solutions. The results indicate that retinal cells that synthesize, store, and release adenosine differentiate early during embryogenesis and are therefore consistent with a hypothetical role for adenosine in retinal development. 相似文献
58.
P Merryman J Silver P K Gregersen G Solomon R Winchester 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》1989,143(6):2068-2073
The association of the class II genes of the DRw10 haplotype from a cell line, NASC, initiated from a member of a well characterized family, was analyzed by sequencing cDNA clones corresponding to DR beta I, DQ alpha, and DQ beta genes. An identical haplotype was also identified in the Raji cell line. In addition to typing as DRw10 and DQw1 with HLA typing sera both, the NASC and Raji cell lines were shown to react strongly with the monoclonal antibodies 109d6 (specific for DRw10 beta 1 and DRw53 beta 2 gene products) and Genox 3.5.3 (specific for DQw1) and exhibited the restriction fragment length polymorphism indicative of a DRw10, DQw1 haplotype. The DR beta 1 gene corresponding to the DRw10 specificity was found to have a first domain sequence different from all other DR beta I genes. Sequence analysis of the 3'-untranslated region of this DR beta-chain gene showed a significant divergence from the 3' untranslated region of the DRw53 family of haplotypes and a lesser divergence from that of the DRw52 and DR1/DR2 families. The sequence of the DQ beta genes corresponding to the DQw1 specificity in the DRw10 haplotype was found to be identical to the DQ beta gene from a DR1, DQw1 haplotype. Surprisingly, however, the DQ alpha gene did not resemble other DQw1-like DQ alpha genes, but was identical in sequence to the DQ alpha gene found in DR4 haplotypes. The novel association of DQ alpha and DQ beta genes in the DRw10 haplotype revealed in these studies may result from a double recombinational event. More consequentially, these studies strongly suggest that the DQw1 specificity recognized by Genox 3.5.3 is determined by the DQ beta chain and is not affected by the DQ alpha-chain. 相似文献
59.
Summary In separated outer medullary collecting duct (MCD) cells, the time course of binding of the fluorescent stilbene anion exchange inhibitor, DBDS (4,4-dibenzamido-2,2-stilbene disulfonate), to the MCD cell analog of band 3, the red blood cell (rbc) anion exchange protein, can be measured by the stopped-flow method and the reaction time constant, DBDS, can be used to report on the conformational state of the band 3 analog. In order to validate the method we have now shown that the ID50,DBDS,MCD (0.5±0.1 m) for the H2-DIDS (4,4-diisothiocyano-2,2-dihydrostilbene disulfonate) inhibition of DBDS is in agreement with the ID50,Cl
–,MCD (0.94±0.07 m) for H2-DIDS inhibition of MCD cell Cl– flux, thus relating DBDS directly to anion exchange. The specific cardiac glycoside cation transport inhibitor, ouabain, not only modulates DBDS binding kinetics, but also increases the time constant for Cl– exchange by a factor of two, from Cl=0.30±0.02 sec to 0.56±0.06 sec (30mm NaHCO3). The ID50,DBDS,MCD for the ouabain effect on DBDS binding kinetics is 0.003±0.001 m, so that binding is about an order of magnitude tighter than that for inhibition of rbc K+ flux (K
I,K
+,rbc=0.017 m). These experiments indicate that the Na+,K–-ATPase, required to maintain cation gradients across the MCD cell membrane, is close enough to the band 3 analog that conformational information can be exchanged. Cytochalasin E (CE), which binds to the spectrin/actin complex in rbc and other cells, modulates DBDS binding kinetics with a physiological ID50,DBDS,MCD (0.076±0.005 m); 2 m CE also more than doubles the Cl– exchange time constant from 0.20±0.04 sec to 0.50±0.08 sec (30mm NaHCO3). These experiments indicate that conformational information can also be exchanged between the MCD cell band 3 analog and the MCD cell cytoskeleton. 相似文献
60.
Use of lacZ fusions to measure in vivo expression of the first three genes of the Escherichia coli unc operon. 下载免费PDF全文
We have constructed in-frame lacZ protein fusions to the first three genes of the Escherichia coli unc operon, which codes for the subunits of the proton-translocating ATPase. We have used these constructions to measure the relative in vivo expression of these genes. The second and third genes, uncB and uncE, which code for the a and c subunits of the F0 sector, were expressed at relative levels of approximately 1:10, although the measured expression of uncB depended upon how much of the gene was fused to lacZ. These rates compared favorably with the relative numbers of a and c subunits (a1:c10) in the purified F1F0 complex. The in vivo expression of uncI, the first gene of the operon, was very low, at best 10 to 20 times less than the expression of uncB. 相似文献