Prophylactic and curative effects of Bacopa monniera in gastric ulcer models.

Bacopa monniera Wettst. (BM, syn. Herpestis monniera L; Scrophulariaceae), is an Ayurvedic drug used as a rasayana. Its fresh juice was earlier reported to have significant antiulcerogenic activity. In continuation, methanolic extract of BM (BME) standardized to bacoside-A content (percentage-38.0 ± 0.9), when given in the dose of 10–50 mg/kg, twice daily for 5 days, showed dose-dependent anti-ulcerogenic on various gastric ulcer models induced by ethanol, aspirin, 2 h cold restraint stress and 4 h pylorus ligation. BME in the dose of 20 mg/kg, given for 10 days, twice daily showed healing effects against 50% acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers. Further work was done to investigate the possible mechanisms of its action by studying its effect on various mucosal offensive acid-pepsin secretion and defensive factors like mucin secretion, mucosal cell shedding, cell proliferation and antioxidant activity in rats. BME 20 mg/kg showed no effect on acid-pepsin secretion, increased mucin secretion, while it decreased cell shedding with no effect on cell proliferation. BME showed significant antioxidant effect per se and in stressed animals. Thus, the gastric prophylactic and curative effects of BME may be due to its predominant effect on mucosal defensive factors.     

Detailed flow patterns in the nasal cavity.

The human nasal cavity filters and conditions inspired air while providing olfactory function. Detailed experimental study of nasal airflow patterns has been limited because of the complex geometry of the nasal cavity. In this work, particle image velocimetry was used to determine two-dimensional instantaneous velocity vector fields in parallel planes throughout a model of the nasal cavity that was subjected to a nonoscillatory flow rate of 125 ml/s. The model, which was fabricated from 26 computed tomography scans by using rapid prototyping techniques, is a scaled replica of a human right nasal cavity. The resulting vector plots show that the flow is laminar and regions of highest velocity are in the nasal valve and in the inferior airway. The relatively low flow in the olfactory region appears to protect the olfactory bulb from particulate pollutants. Low flows were also observed in the nasal meatuses, whose primary function has been the subject of debate. Comparison of sequentially recorded data suggests a steady flow.     

Frequency of large granular lymphocytes in peripheral blood of healthy persons and breast cancer patients

Summary The frequency of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in the peripheral blood of healthy persons (n=56) and breast cancer patients (31 cases with stage-I and -II disease and 42 cases with stage-III and -IV disease) was studied. The frequency of LGL in peripheral blood was significantly depressed in cancer patients, and particularly in patients with advanced breast cancer.     

Murine Cytomegalovirus m02 Gene Family Protects against Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Immune Surveillance

The murine cytomegalovirus m02 gene family encodes putative type I membrane glycoproteins named m02 through m16. A subset of these genes were fused to an epitope tag and cloned into an expression vector. In transfected and murine cytomegalovirus-infected cells, m02, m04, m05, m06, m07, m09, m10, and m12 localized to cytoplasmic structures near the nucleus, whereas m08 and m13 localized to a filamentous structure surrounding the nucleus. Substitution mutants lacking the m02 gene (SMsubm02) or the entire m02 gene family (SMsubm02-16) grew like their wild-type parent in cultured cells. However, whereas SMsubm02 was as pathogenic as the wild-type virus, SMsubm02-16 was markedly less virulent. SMsubm02-16 produced less infectious virus in most organs compared to wild-type virus in BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice, but it replicated to wild-type levels in the organs of immunodeficient gamma(c)/Rag2 mice, lacking multiple cell types including natural killer cells, and in C57BL/6J mice depleted of natural killer cells. These results argue that one or more members of the m02 gene family antagonize natural killer cell-mediated immune surveillance.     

Characterization of herpesvirus sylvilagus glycoproteins released into the culture medium of infected cells: antisera to gp13 and gp32 neutralize viral infectivity in vitro and identify antigens on plasma membranes of infected cells.

Polypeptides released into the culture medium of herpesvirus sylvilagus-infected cells were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracellular fluid from [35S]methionine- and [3H]glucosamine-labeled cell cultures. Virus-induced glycoproteins 31, 32, and 33 (molecular weights of 62,000, 59,000, and 54,000, respectively) were the most abundant species and appeared predominantly in the culture medium. This observation, together with the known cell-associated nature of herpesvirus sylvilagus, suggested that virus-induced glycoproteins 31, 32, and 33 were specifically released. Immunization of rabbits with virus-induced glycoproteins 13 (molecular weight of 130,000) and 32 resulted in the production of antibodies that neutralized viral infectivity in vitro. Both antiserum to gp13 and antiserum to gp32 immunoprecipitated gp13, gp26, gp33a, gp45, and virus-induced polypeptide 39 (molecular weights of 130,000, 77,000, 49,000, 27,000, and 36,000, respectively) from [35S]methionine-labeled cell extracts as well as virus-induced glycoproteins 31, 32, and 33 from the culture medium. In addition, membrane immunofluorescence assays indicate that an antigen(s) reactive with anti-gp13/32 serum was located on the plasma membrane of infected cells.