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81.
In higher plants, the root-shoot axis established during embryogenesis is extended and modified by the development of primary and lateral apical meristems. While the structure of several shoot apical meristems has been deduced by combining histological studies with clonal analysis, the application of this approach to root apical meristems has been limited by a lack of visible genetic markers. We have tested the feasibility of using a synthetic gene consisting of the maize transposable elementActivator (Ac) inserted between a 35S CaMV promoter and the coding region of a -glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene as a means of marking cell lineages in roots. The GUS gene was activated in individual cells byAc excision, and the resulting sectors of GUS-expressing cells were detected with the histochemical stain X-Gluc. Sectors in lateral roots originated from bothAc excision in meristematic cells and from parent root sectors that bisect the founder cell population for the lateral root initial. Analysis of root tip sectors confirmed that the root cap, and root proper have separate initials. Large sectors in the body of the lateral root encompassed both cortex and vascular tissues. The number of primary initial cells predicted from the size and arrangement of the sectors observed ranged from two to four and appeared to vary between roots. We conclude that transposon-based clonal analysis using GUS expression as a genetic marker is an effective approach for deducing the functional organization of root apical meristems. 相似文献
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Human erythrocytes were treated by a series of SH-reagents, including maleimides, iodo compounds, mercurials and oxidizing agents. Rates of Li efflux into Na-rich medium, Li leak and Lii-Nao countertransport were then determined. Of the 13 different reagents studied, only N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide and iodoacetate inhibited selectively the countertransport activity. The effect of the various reagents indicates that the sensitive SH-groups of the countertransport system are not externally exposed. N-Ethylmaleimide was used to probe for changes elicited by substrate cations in Lii-Nao countertransport. In Na- and Li-free medium, inhibition of Lii-Nao countertransport by N-ethylmaleimide of 35% was reached within 2 s. In Na or Li medium, maximal inhibition was twice as great, but was attained much more slowly, within 10 min. Kinetic data and Hill plot analysis indicate the involvement of two classes of SH-groups: one expressed in the various media with and without substrate cations, and an additional one, which becomes specifically available to N-ethylmaleimide in the presence of external Na or Li. The affinity of Na to the site promoting inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide (apparent Km 12 mM) is higher than the affinity of Na to its external countertransport site (apparent Km 25 mM), as reported by Sarakadi, B., Alifimoff, J.K., Gunn, R.B. and Tosteson, D.C. (1978) J. Gen. Physiol. 72, 249–265). Reactivity of was not modified by the media tested. It is concluded that external Na and Li cause a conformational change in the protein(s) of the countertransport system in human erythrocytes. 相似文献
86.
L.L. Keeley D.S. Moody D. Lynn R.L. Joiner S.B. Vinson 《Journal of insect physiology》1977,23(2):231-234
Succinate-cytochrome c reductase (SCR) activity and fat content were compared for diapausing and non-diapausing boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis, collected from various latitudes. Thoracic mitochondrial SCR activity was unaffected by diapause; however, the SCR activity of abdominal mitochondria was reduced by 50% in diapausing weevils and the fat content increased by 2-fold. Diapausing weevils from the southernmost latitude showed the lowest SCR activity and the lowest fat content and were distinct from the other diapausing groups. No correlation was found between northern latitudes and SCR activity during diapause. The significance of the results is discussed from the standpoint of food quality and the evolution of diapause in the boll weevil. 相似文献
87.
A study of the mechanism of action of cytochalasin A (CA) in relation to its structural features and to its selective inhibition of certain contractile processes has been initiated. Quantitative structure-function analyses with several CA-related cytochalasins — including synthetic 21, 22-dihydro-CA (DHCA), the 22-β-mercaptoethanol CA-adduct, (CA-2ME), and the 22-dithiothreitol CA-adduct (CA-DTT) — have been carried out in a temperature sensitive gel-sol extract from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Each drug congener was purified to homogeneity by HPLC prior to biological testing. The undiminished inhibitory indices of DHCA and CA-2ME overrules the prior circumstantial evidence accumulated for the obligatory electrophilic interaction of this drug, at its α-β-unsaturated ketone region, with presumptive receptor nucleophiles. 相似文献
88.
Compared to littermate controls, unstressed Jimpy mice have higher brain water, sodium, potassium and chloride contents and lower carbonic anhydrase activity. When stressed by CO2 to produce a respiratory acidosis or by injection of distilled water to produce brain edema, the Jimpy mouse brain has water and ionic responses essentially like those in controls. 相似文献
89.
Una S. Ryan Marlene Absher Bertha M. Olazabal Lynn M. Brown James W. Ryan 《Tissue & cell》1982,14(4):637-649
A fundamental characteristic of vascular endothelium is that it exists as a monolayer, a condition that must be met in both vascular growth and repair. Maintenance of the monolayer is important both for the exchange of nutrients and for interactions between blood solutes and endothelial enzymes and transport systems. We have used time-lapse cinematography to compare proliferative behavior of bovine pulmonary endothelial cells in (1) establisment of a monolayer from a low-density seed (7.5 × 104 cells in a 60 mm dish) and (2) restitution of a confluent monolayer (approx. 2.9 × 106 cells in a 60 mm dish) following a mechanical wound (removal of cells from an area 5 × 15 mm by scraping). Culture 2 was not refed after wounding. In culture 2, approx. 30% of the cells accounted for repopulation (confluence in 40 hr). In culture I, all cells entered into division. Participating cells of culture 2 began division immediately (69 divisions/filmed area in 10 hr, vs. four divisions in culture I). Interdivision times (IDT) were longer and relatively constant in culture I until near confluence; none were < 10 h, whereas in 2, 24% of the IDT's were ≤ 10 hr. Remarkably, IDTs of culture 2 decreased steadily until confluence was re-established. Cell migration in culture 1 was multidirectional while direction of migration in culture 2 was always into the wound area. Mean migration rate (MIG) in culture 2 was related to the site of origin of the cells, those dividing farthest from the unwounded area had fastest MIGs. Neither culture formed more than a single layer of cells. Although the cell kinetics of cultures 1 and 2 differed, the same goal, confluence, was achieved in either case. 相似文献
90.
A comparison was made of the esterolysis reactions catalyzed by chymopapain, papaya peptidases A and B, several asclepains of both the A and B families, ficin, and bromelain. Michaelis parameters for a series of aryl mesyl glycinates were measured and plotted versus the relevant Hammett σ values. All enzymes exhibited the same response to the substrates used. 相似文献