全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6201篇 |
免费 | 551篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 7篇 |
2023年 | 56篇 |
2022年 | 147篇 |
2021年 | 244篇 |
2020年 | 129篇 |
2019年 | 126篇 |
2018年 | 148篇 |
2017年 | 137篇 |
2016年 | 226篇 |
2015年 | 338篇 |
2014年 | 386篇 |
2013年 | 460篇 |
2012年 | 575篇 |
2011年 | 604篇 |
2010年 | 321篇 |
2009年 | 287篇 |
2008年 | 333篇 |
2007年 | 349篇 |
2006年 | 328篇 |
2005年 | 278篇 |
2004年 | 243篇 |
2003年 | 244篇 |
2002年 | 247篇 |
2001年 | 42篇 |
2000年 | 35篇 |
1999年 | 57篇 |
1998年 | 48篇 |
1997年 | 41篇 |
1996年 | 34篇 |
1995年 | 33篇 |
1994年 | 25篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 21篇 |
1991年 | 15篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1961年 | 5篇 |
1960年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有6753条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
981.
982.
Habitat complexity strongly affects the structure and dynamics of ecological communities, with increased complexity often leading to greater species diversity and abundance. However, habitat complexity changes as communities develop, and some species alter their environment to themselves provide habitat for other species. Most experimental studies manipulate basal substrate complexity, and while the importance of complexity likely changes during community development, few studies have examined the temporal dynamics of this variable. We used two experiments to quantify the importance of basal substrate complexity to sessile marine invertebrate community development through space and time. First, we compared effects of substrate complexity at 70 sites across ten estuaries. Sites differed in recruitment and community development rates, and after three months provided spatial variation in community development stage. Second, we tested for effects of substrate complexity at multiple times at a single site. In both experiments, complexity affected marine sessile invertebrate community composition in the early stages of community development when resource availability was high. Effects of complexity diminished through time as the amount of available space (the primary limiting resource) declined. Our work suggests the presence of a bare-space threshold, at which structural complexity of the basal substrate is overwhelmed by secondary biotic complexity. This threshold will be met at different times depending on local recruitment and growth rates and is likely to vary with productivity gradients. 相似文献
983.
Lydia K. Greene Sally L. Bornbusch Erin A. McKenney Rachel L. Harris Sarah R. Gorvetzian Anne D. Yoder Christine M. Drea 《American journal of primatology》2019,81(10-11)
Research on animal microbiomes is increasingly aimed at determining the evolutionary and ecological factors that govern host–microbiome dynamics, which are invariably intertwined and potentially synergistic. We present three empirical studies related to this topic, each of which relies on the diversity of Malagasy lemurs (representing a total of 19 species) and the comparative approach applied across scales of analysis. In Study 1, we compare gut microbial membership across 14 species in the wild to test the relative importance of host phylogeny and feeding strategy in mediating microbiome structure. Whereas host phylogeny strongly predicted community composition, the same feeding strategies shared by distant relatives did not produce convergent microbial consortia, but rather shaped microbiomes in host lineage‐specific ways, particularly in folivores. In Study 2, we compare 14 species of wild and captive folivores, frugivores, and omnivores, to highlight the importance of captive populations for advancing gut microbiome research. We show that the perturbational effect of captivity is mediated by host feeding strategy and can be mitigated, in part, by modified animal management. In Study 3, we examine various scent‐gland microbiomes across three species in the wild or captivity and show them to vary by host species, sex, body site, and a proxy of social status. These rare data provide support for the bacterial fermentation hypothesis in olfactory signal production and implicate steroid hormones as mediators of microbial community structure. We conclude by discussing the role of scale in comparative microbial studies, the links between feeding strategy and host–microbiome coadaptation, the underappreciated benefits of captive populations for advancing conservation research, and the need to consider the entirety of an animal's microbiota. Ultimately, these studies will help move the field from exploratory to hypothesis‐driven research. 相似文献
984.
Mariella Si?a Rachel C. Wood Enrique Saldarriaga Joshua Lawler Joseph Zunt Patricia Garcia César Cárcamo 《PloS one》2016,11(1)
Climate change poses multiple risks to the population of Lima, the largest city and capital of Peru, located on the Pacific coast in a desert ecosystem. These risks include increased water scarcity, increased heat, and the introduction and emergence of vector-borne and other climate sensitive diseases. To respond to these threats, it is necessary for the government, at every level, to adopt more mitigation and adaptation strategies. Here, focus groups were conducted with representatives from five Lima municipalities to determine priorities, perception of climate change, and decision-making processes for implementing projects within each municipality. These factors can affect the ability and desire of a community to implement climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. The results show that climate change and other environmental factors are of relatively low priority, whereas public safety and water and sanitation services are of highest concern. Perhaps most importantly, climate change is not well understood among the municipalities. Participants had trouble distinguishing climate change from other environmental issues and did not fully understand its causes and effects. Greater understanding of what climate change is and why it is important is necessary for it to become a priority for the municipalities. Different aspects of increased climate change awareness seem to be connected to having experienced extreme weather events, whether related or not to climate change, and to higher socioeconomic status. 相似文献
985.
986.
Animal shelters exist worldwide to care for and rehome unwanted or straying pets. Previous studies have examined why owners breed unwanted animals, or relinquish their pets to shelters. However, the views of shelter workers, who receive and care for these animals, have previously been largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of animal shelter workers on the problems facing their industry. A sampling frame was constructed, consisting of every identified shelter in the UK, and a postal questionnaire sent to each. This included two open questions, soliciting respondents’ views on their biggest problems, and inviting further comments. A total of 661 respondents replied to at least one question. Thematic analysis on the free text content was carried out, and basic and global themes identified. Respondents’ main concerns centered on a mismatch between the continuous demand for their services and their limited resources, which has worsened during the recent financial crisis. Respondents perceived a need for increased public awareness of the commitment involved in keeping a pet, and of controlling breeding by neutering. Points of intervention, such as education programs, were suggested. Coordinating efforts with others, including local authorities, landlords, and housing associations, and a potential role for veterinary professionals working in shelter medicine were all explored by respondents. Rehoming organizations play an important role in the management of pet overpopulation, and the views and beliefs of their workers form an important contribution to the dialogue surrounding this issue. Consideration of these perspectives may suggest alternative routes to address underlying causes and management of pet overpopulation. 相似文献
987.
Jodi L. McGill Rachel A. Rusk Mariana Guerra-Maupome Robert E. Briggs Randy E. Sacco 《PloS one》2016,11(3)
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in children under five years of age. IL-17 and Th17 responses are increased in children infected with HRSV and have been implicated in both protective and pathogenic roles during infection. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is genetically closely related to HRSV and is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections in young cattle. While BRSV infection in the calf parallels many aspects of human infection with HRSV, IL-17 and Th17 responses have not been studied in the bovine. Here we demonstrate that calves infected with BRSV express significant levels of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22; and both CD4 T cells and γδ T cells contribute to this response. In addition to causing significant morbidity from uncomplicated infections, BRSV infection also contributes to the development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), a leading cause of morbidity in both beef and dairy cattle. BRDC is caused by a primary viral infection, followed by secondary bacterial pneumonia by pathogens such as Mannheimia haemolytica. Here, we demonstrate that in vivo infection with M. haemolytica results in increased expression of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22. We have also developed an in vitro model of BRDC and show that co-infection of PBMC with BRSV followed by M. haemolytica leads to significantly exacerbated IL-17 production, which is primarily mediated by IL-17-producing γδ T cells. Together, our results demonstrate that calves, like humans, mount a robust IL-17 response during RSV infection; and suggest a previously unrecognized role for IL-17 and γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of BRDC. 相似文献
988.
Photoinhibition and Its Recovery in Two Strains of the Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vonshak Avigad; Guy Rachel; Poplawsky Ricardo; Ohad Itzhak 《Plant & cell physiology》1988,29(4):721-726
Two strains of Spirulina platensis, marked Sp-G and Sp-RB, werestudied for their response to high photon flux densities (PFD).Sp-RB, a gas vacuolated strain, appeared more sensitive to thehigh PFD treatment as compared with Sp-G, a non-vacuolated strain.The loss of the photosynthetic activity due to the photoinhibitorytreatment was obtained at the level of whole cells as well asthe membrane level. Sp-RB was more sensitive than Sp-G at bothlevels. Experiments using chloramphenicol during the photoinhibitionprocess, and others in which the fate of radio-active labeledthylakoid proteins was followed, indicated that the differencebetween the strains lies in the rate of loss of the Dl polypeptidewith an electrophoretic mobility of 3234 kDa. Both strainsrecovered from the photoinhibition when placed under low PFD.The recovery process started immediately after PFD was reduced,without any observed lag period, and was sensitive to chloramphenicol.Light was required for full recovery of activity. The rate ofrecovery of the two strains studied was very similar.
1Contribution no. 29 of the Micro-Algal Biotechnology Lab. (Received January 11, 1988; Accepted March 31, 1988) 相似文献
989.
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are genetic conditions in which there is progressive axonal degeneration in the corticospinal tract. Autosomal dominant mutations, including nonsense, frameshift and missense changes, in the gene encoding the microtubule severing ATPase spastin are the most common cause of HSP in North America and northern Europe. In this study we report quantitative gait analysis using a motorized treadmill system, carried out on mice knocked-in for a disease-associated mutation affecting a critical residue in the Walker A motif of the spastin ATPase domain. At 4 months and at one year of age homozygous mutant mice had a number of abnormal gait parameters, including in stride length and stride duration, compared to heterozygous and wild-type littermates. Gait parameters in heterozygous animals did not differ from wild-type littermates. We conclude that quantitative gait analysis using the DigiGait system sensitively detects motor abnormalities in a hereditary spastic paraplegia model, and would be a useful method for analyzing the effects of pharmacological treatments for HSP. 相似文献